1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
In Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model, which component handles verbal and acoustic information?
- AThe episodic buffer
- BThe phonological loop
- CThe central executive
- DThe visuospatial sketchpad
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Which finding supports a reconstructive view of memory (Bartlett)?
- AShort-term memory holds about seven items
- BPeople can recall long lists of digits perfectly
- CPeople retelling an unfamiliar story change it to fit their own culture
- DMemories of emotional events never change
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Which statement about the formal operational stage is correct?
- AChildren cannot yet use symbols
- BChildren first develop object permanence
- CThinking is limited to concrete objects that are physically in front of them
- DAdolescents can reason about abstract and hypothetical problems
4.Developmental psychologyHard
A child is shown a Smarties tube, guesses it contains sweets, and finds pencils. Asked what a friend who has not looked will think is inside, a typical 3-year-old says "pencils". This shows:
- ADifficulty understanding false beliefs
- BA lack of object permanence
- CAn advanced theory of mind
- DA failure to conserve quantity
5.Social psychologyMedium
LaPiere travelled across the USA with a Chinese couple in the 1930s. Almost every hotel and restaurant served them, but most later replied by letter that they would not serve Chinese guests. This shows:
- AThat written replies are more honest than actions
- BThat general attitudes always predict behaviour
- CA gap between stated attitudes and behaviour
- DThat prejudice against Chinese people did not exist
6.Social psychologyHard
Janis used the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion as a case study. Which feature of the planning group fits his account of groupthink?
- AThe group took a long time to reach a decision
- BMembers suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
- CMany independent experts openly criticised the plan
- DThe leader insisted on hearing all objections
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Clozapine is typically reserved for treatment-resistant schizophrenia because:
- AIt can cause agranulocytosis, so regular blood monitoring is required
- BIt cannot be taken as tablets
- CIt only works on negative symptoms
- DIt is the least effective antipsychotic available, so it is a last resort
8.Clinical psychologyHard
In Seligman's later reformulation of learned helplessness (Abramson, Seligman and Teasdale), depression is most likely when people attribute negative events to causes that are:
- AInternal, stable and global
- BInternal, unstable and specific
- CExternal, unstable and specific
- DExternal, stable and specific
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · The phonological loop
Why this is the answer
The phonological loop stores and rehearses speech-based information. The sketchpad handles visual and spatial information, the central executive directs attention.
Answer
B · The phonological loop
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · People retelling an unfamiliar story change it to fit their own culture
Why this is the answer
Bartlett found that people recalling a Native American folk tale shortened it and changed unfamiliar details to fit their own schemas, showing memory is reconstructed.
Answer
C · People retelling an unfamiliar story change it to fit their own culture
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Adolescents can reason about abstract and hypothetical problems
Why this is the answer
Formal operational thinkers can reason hypothetically and systematically test possibilities, as in Piaget's pendulum task.
Answer
D · Adolescents can reason about abstract and hypothetical problems
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Difficulty understanding false beliefs
Why this is the answer
Like the Sally–Anne task, the Smarties task tests false-belief understanding. Most 3-year-olds fail, while most 4–5-year-olds pass.
Answer
A · Difficulty understanding false beliefs
5.Social psychology
Answer: C · A gap between stated attitudes and behaviour
Why this is the answer
LaPiere's study is a classic example of weak links between general attitudes and specific behaviour, although the letter writers were not always the staff who served them.
Answer
C · A gap between stated attitudes and behaviour
6.Social psychology
Answer: B · Members suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
Why this is the answer
Janis described symptoms such as self-censorship, an illusion of unanimity and pressure on dissenters, leading to a poorly examined plan.
Answer
B · Members suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · It can cause agranulocytosis, so regular blood monitoring is required
Why this is the answer
Clozapine is effective when other antipsychotics fail, but it can cause a dangerous fall in neutrophils, so patients need regular blood tests.
Answer
A · It can cause agranulocytosis, so regular blood monitoring is required
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Internal, stable and global
Why this is the answer
The attributional reformulation proposed that a depressive attributional style explains bad events by internal, stable and global causes, which leads to hopelessness.
Answer
A · Internal, stable and global
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