Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Encoding specificity means that recall is best when:
Countries where people are organ donors unless they opt out have far higher donor rates than countries where people must opt in. This is best explained by:
An infant in the Strange Situation approaches the parent with the head turned away, then freezes. Contradictory behaviour like this indicates which attachment type?
Temperament research by Thomas and Chess classified infants into which three main groups?
In Sherif's autokinetic studies, people judged how far a still dot of light seemed to move. In groups, their estimates converged on a shared norm. This mainly shows:
Kunst-Wilson and Zajonc showed octagons too briefly to be recognised. Later, participants could not tell old from new shapes but preferred the ones shown before. This suggests:
Behavioural activation treats depression mainly by:
Expressed emotion research shows that relapse in schizophrenia is more likely when families show:
Answer: B · The context at retrieval matches the context at learning
Godden and Baddeley showed that recall is better when learning and recall contexts match, because cues present at encoding help retrieval.
Answer: B · The default effect and status quo bias
People tend to stick with the default option because changing requires effort and the default may seem recommended. Johnson and Goldstein showed large differences in consent rates.
Answer: D · Disorganised
Disorganised attachment involves contradictory or confused behaviour with no clear strategy. It is more common when caregiving is frightening or maltreating.
Answer: C · Easy, difficult and slow-to-warm-up
The New York Longitudinal Study described easy, difficult and slow-to-warm-up temperaments; some infants did not fit any group.
Answer: B · Informational influence in an ambiguous situation
Because the task was ambiguous, people used others' estimates as information. The group norm persisted when they were later tested alone.
Answer: B · Mere exposure can raise liking without conscious recognition
The mere exposure effect can occur without awareness, suggesting affective reactions can be formed independently of conscious recognition.
Answer: D · Increasing engagement in rewarding and valued activities
Behavioural activation schedules activities that bring pleasure or mastery, breaking the cycle of withdrawal and low reinforcement. It is an evidence-based treatment for depression.
Answer: A · High criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
High expressed emotion predicts higher relapse rates; family interventions that reduce it lower relapse.
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