1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
People often accept an invalid syllogism if its conclusion sounds true, such as "Some vitamins are healthy". This is called:
- ABelief bias
- BHindsight bias
- CAnchoring
- DSelf-serving bias
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
In Sperling's experiments, participants saw a 3 × 4 grid of letters briefly. When a tone signalled which row to report immediately afterwards, they could report most letters of that row. What did this show?
- ABriefly seen letters are transferred into long-term memory at once
- BHearing a warning tone improves visual perception of nearby letters in general
- CIconic memory holds only about four letters, however they are tested
- DMost of the display is briefly held but fades before it can all be reported
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Which concept refers to a period when a child is especially sensitive to certain experiences?
- ACritical (sensitive) period
- BAccommodation
- CObject permanence
- DHabituation
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis of Strange Situation studies in many countries found that:
- AAvoidant attachment was the most common type in nearly every country studied
- BAttachment type proportions were the same in every country studied
- CSecure attachment was common only in Western, individualist countries
- DSecure was most common everywhere; variation within countries was larger
5.Social psychologyMedium
In Latané and Darley's five-step model of bystander intervention, pluralistic ignorance mainly affects which step?
- ADeciding whether the costs are worth it
- BKnowing how to give the right help
- CNoticing that something is happening
- DInterpreting the event as an emergency
6.Social psychologyHard
Students heard a proposal for exams. When told it would affect them personally, argument quality mattered most. When told it would apply in future, the source's expertise mattered most. This supports:
- AMcGuire's inoculation theory
- BThe elaboration likelihood model
- CBrehm's reactance theory
- DLatané's social impact theory
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Which is a main criticism of defining abnormality as deviation from social norms?
- ANorms vary across cultures and change over time
- BIt requires expensive brain scans
- CIt only applies to children
- DIt ignores how rare or statistically unusual a behaviour is
8.Clinical psychologyHard
The "Dodo bird verdict" in psychotherapy research refers to the finding that:
- AUntreated clients on waiting lists improve faster than treated clients
- BMedication always outperforms psychotherapy
- CDifferent bona fide therapies often produce broadly similar outcomes
- DOnly psychoanalysis is effective for depression
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Belief bias
Why this is the answer
Belief bias is the tendency to judge arguments by how believable their conclusions are rather than by whether the conclusion follows logically.
Answer
A · Belief bias
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: D · Most of the display is briefly held but fades before it can all be reported
Why this is the answer
Whole report gave about four letters, but partial report showed most of any cued row was available, so nearly the whole grid was briefly held. The advantage disappeared when the tone was delayed by about a second.
Answer
D · Most of the display is briefly held but fades before it can all be reported
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Critical (sensitive) period
Why this is the answer
A critical or sensitive period is a window in which specific experiences have the strongest effect, such as imprinting or early language exposure.
Answer
A · Critical (sensitive) period
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Secure was most common everywhere; variation within countries was larger
Why this is the answer
Secure attachment was the most common type in all countries studied, but the proportion of insecure types varied. Differences within countries were larger than those between countries.
Answer
D · Secure was most common everywhere; variation within countries was larger
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · Interpreting the event as an emergency
Why this is the answer
The steps are noticing, interpreting it as an emergency, taking responsibility, knowing how to help and deciding to help. Pluralistic ignorance distorts interpretation.
Answer
D · Interpreting the event as an emergency
6.Social psychology
Answer: B · The elaboration likelihood model
Why this is the answer
Petty, Cacioppo and Goldman showed that high involvement leads to central-route processing of arguments, while low involvement leads to peripheral cues like expertise.
Answer
B · The elaboration likelihood model
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Norms vary across cultures and change over time
Why this is the answer
Social norms are culture- and era-specific, so this definition can label harmless non-conformity as disorder and has been used to justify social control.
Answer
A · Norms vary across cultures and change over time
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Different bona fide therapies often produce broadly similar outcomes
Why this is the answer
Meta-analyses often find small differences between established therapies, which has been taken to support common factors such as the alliance. Some disorders, such as OCD and phobias, show clear advantages for specific treatments like exposure.
Answer
C · Different bona fide therapies often produce broadly similar outcomes
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