1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
Rubin's vase, which can be seen as a vase or as two faces, illustrates:
- ARetinal disparity
- BThe law of closure
- CSize constancy
- DFigure–ground organisation
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
After a stroke in the right parietal lobe, a patient eats only from the right side of the plate and draws only the right half of a clock. This is:
- AAnterograde amnesia
- BLeft visual field blindsight
- CUnilateral spatial neglect
- DProsopagnosia
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
According to Piaget, assimilation means:
- AChanging an existing schema to fit new information
- BFitting new information into an existing schema
- CCopying the behaviour of a model
- DForgetting an old schema
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis of Strange Situation studies in many countries found that:
- AAttachment type proportions were the same in every country studied
- BSecure attachment was common only in Western, individualist countries
- CAvoidant attachment was the most common type in nearly every country studied
- DSecure was most common everywhere; variation within countries was larger
5.Social psychologyMedium
Burger's 2009 partial replication of Milgram stopped at 150 volts for ethical reasons. What did it find?
- AObedience was far higher than in Milgram's study
- BWomen nearly always refused to continue
- CAlmost nobody obeyed in a modern sample
- DObedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
6.Social psychologyHard
Milgram moved his study from Yale University to a run-down office building. What happened to obedience?
- AIt rose to every participant obeying
- BIt fell somewhat but remained substantial
- CIt was exactly the same as at Yale
- DIt fell to almost zero
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
In the two-factor model of phobias (Mowrer), how is a phobia maintained?
- AThe fear is learned by watching others only
- BPunishment of approach behaviour by others, which strengthens the fear itself
- CPositive reinforcement of fear by rewards
- DAvoidance reduces anxiety, which negatively reinforces the avoidance
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A therapist asks a client to rate the evidence for and against the thought "I always fail". Which technique is this?
- ACognitive restructuring
- BToken economy
- CSystematic desensitisation
- DFree association
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: D · Figure–ground organisation
Why this is the answer
Perception separates a scene into a figure and a background. In ambiguous figures like Rubin's vase, the two interpretations alternate.
Answer
D · Figure–ground organisation
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Unilateral spatial neglect
Why this is the answer
Spatial neglect after right parietal damage causes a failure to attend to the left side of space, although vision itself may be intact.
Answer
C · Unilateral spatial neglect
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Fitting new information into an existing schema
Why this is the answer
In assimilation the child interprets new experiences with existing schemas (calling every animal "dog"); accommodation changes schemas when they do not fit.
Answer
B · Fitting new information into an existing schema
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Secure was most common everywhere; variation within countries was larger
Why this is the answer
Secure attachment was the most common type in all countries studied, but the proportion of insecure types varied. Differences within countries were larger than those between countries.
Answer
D · Secure was most common everywhere; variation within countries was larger
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · Obedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
Why this is the answer
Most participants who continue past 150 volts tend to go to the end, so Burger used it as a safe cut-off. Obedience at that point was only slightly lower than Milgram's.
Answer
D · Obedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
6.Social psychology
Answer: B · It fell somewhat but remained substantial
Why this is the answer
Obedience dropped (to just under half) without Yale's prestige, but many still obeyed, suggesting the authority of the experimenter mattered more than the institution.
Answer
B · It fell somewhat but remained substantial
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · Avoidance reduces anxiety, which negatively reinforces the avoidance
Why this is the answer
Fear is acquired through classical conditioning and maintained because avoiding the feared object reduces anxiety, negatively reinforcing avoidance.
Answer
D · Avoidance reduces anxiety, which negatively reinforces the avoidance
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Cognitive restructuring
Why this is the answer
Cognitive restructuring identifies automatic thoughts, examines evidence and replaces distortions such as overgeneralisation with balanced thoughts.
Answer
A · Cognitive restructuring
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/introduction-to-psychology