Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Two groups study a text. One rereads it; the other takes practice quizzes on it. A week later, the quiz group remembers more. This shows:
In Luchins' water jar problems, after solving several problems with the formula B − A − 2C, many participants kept using it even when a simpler solution (A − C) worked. This shows:
Young infants in English-speaking homes can tell apart some Hindi speech sounds that English-speaking adults cannot, but most lose this ability by about the end of the first year. This is called:
Main's Adult Attachment Interview found that parents who describe their own childhood in a coherent, balanced way tend to have infants who:
The self-serving bias is the tendency to:
In Reicher and Haslam's BBC prison study, guards did not form a strong shared identity, while prisoners did and challenged the guards. What does this suggest about the Stanford prison experiment?
Exposure and response prevention is the main psychological treatment for:
A therapist says: "Rather than fighting the thought 'I'm a failure', notice it as just a thought, and act on what matters to you." Which therapy does this best represent?
Answer: D · The testing effect
The testing effect (retrieval practice) shows that actively recalling material produces better long-term retention than passively restudying it.
Answer: A · A mental set (Einstellung) that hides simpler solutions
Einstellung is a mental set: prior success with one method makes people repeat it and miss easier alternatives. Functional fixedness concerns objects' uses, not methods.
Answer: B · Perceptual narrowing
Werker and Tees showed that discrimination of non-native contrasts declines as infants specialise in the sounds of the language around them.
Answer: A · Are securely attached in the Strange Situation
Parents classified as "secure-autonomous" on the AAI are more likely to have securely attached infants, consistent with internal working models passing between generations.
Answer: B · Attribute successes to ourselves and failures to external factors
The self-serving bias protects self-esteem by taking credit for success and blaming circumstances for failure.
Answer: B · Behaviour depends on shared identity, not automatic role-taking
Reicher and Haslam argued that people do not passively accept roles; behaviour depends on whether they identify with their group, supporting social identity theory.
Answer: C · OCD
ERP exposes patients to obsessional triggers while preventing compulsions, so anxiety falls without the ritual.
Answer: A · Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
ACT (Hayes) uses acceptance, cognitive defusion and values-based action. Unlike traditional cognitive therapy, it does not try to dispute the content of thoughts.
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