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1Formulas and methods
Maternity & obstetric nursing
Method
Place the woman in time: weeks of pregnancy, stage of labour or day after birth, and decide what is normal at that point.
Look for the patient in danger: the mother, the fetus or the newborn, or more than one of them.
Link the finding to its cause: VEAL CHOP for decelerations, the four Ts for bleeding, BUBBLE-HE after birth.
Choose the action that improves blood flow and oxygen first (side-lying, stopping oxytocin, fundal massage), then escalate.
Dosage calculations
Dose from strength
volume = dose / strength
Weight-based dose
dose = mg/kg × body weight
Tablets
number = dose / tablet strength
Units
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg
Method
Convert the ordered dose and the stock strength to the same unit.
Use desired over have times quantity: (D/H) × Q.
For weight-based doses, multiply by the weight in kg first, then divide the daily dose by the number of doses.
Estimate first and check that the answer is reasonable.
IV infusion rates
Pump rate
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
Drip rate
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
Infusion time
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)
Method
Pump rate in mL/h: volume divided by time in hours.
Drip rate in drops/min: volume × drop factor divided by time in minutes.
For time remaining: volume left divided by the rate.
Round as the question or the equipment requires.
2Practice problems
1.Maternity & obstetric nursingMedium
A newborn baby girl has a small amount of blood-tinged vaginal discharge on day 3. What should the nurse tell the parents?
AIt means the baby has a bleeding disorder
BIt shows a urinary tract infection
CIt is a sign of sexual abuse
DIt is caused by maternal hormones
2.Maternity & obstetric nursingHard
Which statement by a pregnant woman with gestational diabetes shows she understands her care?
A"Insulin will harm my baby, so I will refuse it."
B"I will check my glucose as shown and record it."
C"I can skip meals if my glucose is high in the morning."
D"My baby's growth will not need monitoring."
3.Dosage calculationsMedium
A child weighing 30 kg is prescribed 2 mg/kg of a drug. The stock solution contains 20 mg/mL. Draw up the dose: what volume V do you give?
30 kg2 mg/kg20 mg/mL
V = mL
4.Dosage calculationsHard
A child weighing 14 kg is prescribed 20 mg/kg per dose of an oral suspension that contains 125 mg in 5 mL. What volume V do you give?
14 kg20 mg/kg125 mg/5 mL
V = mL
5.IV infusion ratesMedium
An infusion is ordered at 80 mL/h, but no pump is available. It runs by gravity through a giving set of 60 gtt/mL. Find the drip rate R in drops per minute.
80 mL/h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
6.IV infusion ratesHard
An infusion of 50 mg in 500 mL runs at 6 mL/h. How many micrograms per minute D does the patient receive?
50 mg/500 mL6 mL/h
D = mcg/min
3Solutions
1.Maternity & obstetric nursing
Answer: D · It is caused by maternal hormones
Why this is the answer
Pseudomenstruation is caused by withdrawal of maternal hormones after birth and resolves within days. Swollen breasts in either sex have the same cause.
Answer
D · It is caused by maternal hormones
2.Maternity & obstetric nursing
Answer: B · "I will check my glucose as shown and record it."
Why this is the answer
Regular glucose monitoring with records guides treatment changes. Skipping meals can cause hypoglycaemia and ketosis, insulin does not cross the placenta in a meaningful amount, and fetal growth is monitored.
Answer
B · "I will check my glucose as shown and record it."
3.Dosage calculations
Answer: V = 3 mL
Drawing up a dose: volume = (prescribed dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Convert to the same units first, then check that the volume fits the syringe and lands on one of its graduations.
Dose from body weight
D = 2·30 = 60 mg
Volume
V = 60/20 = 3 mL
On the syringe
On this 10 mL syringe every small line is 0.2 mL.
Answer
V = 3 mL
4.Dosage calculations
Answer: V = 11.2 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
Dose from weight
20·14 = 280 mg
Volume
V = (280/125)·5 = 11.2 mL
Answer
V = 11.2 mL
5.IV infusion rates
Answer: R = 80 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Millilitres per minute
80/60 = 1.333 mL/min
Drip rate
R = 1.333·60 = 80 gtt/min
Answer
R = 80 gtt/min
With a microdrip set (60 gtt/mL), gtt/min equals mL/h.
6.IV infusion rates
Answer: D = 10 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).