Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
How is amblyopia (lazy eye) commonly treated in young children?
A 3-month-old has large, flat, blue-grey patches over the lower back and buttocks. The parents say they have been there since birth. What is the best action?
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion of 50 units of regular insulin in 50 mL runs at 12 mL/h. How many units per hour D does the patient receive?
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dopamine infusion of 800 mg in 500 mL runs at 28 mL/h. The patient weighs 81 kg. What dose D in mcg/kg/min is the patient receiving? Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). The record shows a patient's intake and output for one 8-hour shift. The IV infusion ran at the rate shown for the whole shift. Find the total intake I in mL.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A 1000 mL infusion starts at 13:30 at 150 mL/h. After 3 hours the rate is changed to 100 mL/h and is not changed again. How many hours t after the start will the bag be empty? Round to one decimal place.
Answer: B · Patching or blurring the stronger eye so the weaker eye works harder
Treatment includes glasses if needed and patching or atropine drops in the stronger eye, forcing the brain to use the weaker eye. It works best when started early, while the visual system is still developing.
Answer: A · Document them with size and location as congenital dermal melanocytosis (Mongolian spots)
Congenital dermal melanocytosis is a common benign birthmark, especially in babies with darker skin. Careful documentation from early on helps prevent it later being mistaken for bruising; the marks usually fade during childhood.
Answer: D = 12 units/h
Heparin and insulin infusions: concentration = units in the bag/bag volume (units/mL). Pump rate (mL/h) = units per hour/concentration, and units per hour = mL/h × concentration. For a weight-based order, units/h = units/kg/h × weight first. A bolus volume = units needed/vial strength. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: D = 9.2 mcg/kg/min
Titrated drips: first find the concentration in mcg/mL (mg × 1000/mL). For a weight-based order, mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × weight. Then mL/h = mcg/min × 60/concentration. Working backwards, mcg/kg/min = mL/h × concentration/(60 × weight). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: I = 830 mL
Intake and output: intake counts everything that goes in (oral fluids, IV infusions, IV medications and flushes, tube feeds); ice chips count as half their volume. Output counts urine, drains, vomit and other losses. Balance = total intake − total output; a negative balance is a net loss. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: t = 8.5 h
Infusion time: time (h) = volume to infuse (mL)/rate (mL/h); use the volume still left in the bag, not the bag size. Volume infused = rate × time. Convert decimal hours to hours and minutes with the fraction × 60 (0.5 h = 30 min, not 50 min). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
That is about 8 h 30 min, so the bag runs out at about 22:00.
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