Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Which set of findings is typical of nephrotic syndrome in a child?
A 6-year-old boy has had a limp and mild hip pain for several weeks. Imaging shows avascular necrosis of the femoral head. What is the diagnosis?
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A bag contains 25 000 units of heparin in 500 mL. The order is 14 units/kg/h for a patient who weighs 67 kg. At what rate R do you set the pump, in mL/h? Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A bag contains dobutamine 250 mg in 250 mL. The order is 7.5 mcg/kg/min for a patient who weighs 99 kg. At what rate R do you set the pump, in mL/h? Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). The record shows a patient's intake and output for one 8-hour shift. The patient weighs 79 kg. Find the average urine output U in mL/kg/h. Round to two decimal places.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A 1000 mL infusion starts at 11:30 at 120 mL/h. After 4 hours the rate is changed to 60 mL/h and is not changed again. How many hours t after the start will the bag be empty? Round to one decimal place.
Answer: B · Heavy proteinuria, low serum albumin and generalised oedema
In nephrotic syndrome, protein loss lowers the albumin and causes oedema, often first around the eyes. Cola-coloured urine and hypertension after a sore throat suggest post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
Answer: C · Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease
Perthes disease is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, most often boys aged about 4–8 years. It presents with a limp and hip, thigh or knee pain; treatment aims to keep the femoral head well positioned in the socket while it heals.
Answer: R = 18.8 mL/h
Heparin and insulin infusions: concentration = units in the bag/bag volume (units/mL). Pump rate (mL/h) = units per hour/concentration, and units per hour = mL/h × concentration. For a weight-based order, units/h = units/kg/h × weight first. A bolus volume = units needed/vial strength. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: R = 44.6 mL/h
Titrated drips: first find the concentration in mcg/mL (mg × 1000/mL). For a weight-based order, mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × weight. Then mL/h = mcg/min × 60/concentration. Working backwards, mcg/kg/min = mL/h × concentration/(60 × weight). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: U = 2.1 mL/kg/h
Intake and output: intake counts everything that goes in (oral fluids, IV infusions, IV medications and flushes, tube feeds); ice chips count as half their volume. Output counts urine, drains, vomit and other losses. Balance = total intake − total output; a negative balance is a net loss. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: t = 12.7 h
Infusion time: time (h) = volume to infuse (mL)/rate (mL/h); use the volume still left in the bag, not the bag size. Volume infused = rate × time. Convert decimal hours to hours and minutes with the fraction × 60 (0.5 h = 30 min, not 50 min). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
That is about 12 h 40 min, so the bag runs out at about 00:10.
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