Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Which finding is an early sign of shock in a child?
A 4-year-old says it is wrong to hit his sister "because then I get a time-out". Which level of Kohlberg's moral development does this reflect?
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A practice protocol calls for a heparin bolus of 70 units/kg for a patient who weighs 80 kg. The vial contains 1 000 units/mL. What volume V do you draw up? Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dopamine infusion of 800 mg in 500 mL runs at 40 mL/h. The patient weighs 78 kg. What dose D in mcg/kg/min is the patient receiving? Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). The record shows a patient's intake and output for one 12-hour shift. The IV infusion ran at the rate shown for the whole shift. Find the fluid balance B = intake − output in mL (a negative answer means a net loss).
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A 1000 mL bag runs by pump at 150 mL/h. At 07:00, 300 mL have already been infused. How many hours t until the bag is empty? Round to one decimal place.
Answer: D · A fast heart rate with a prolonged capillary refill
Children maintain their blood pressure until late in shock. Early signs include tachycardia, prolonged capillary refill, cool peripheries, reduced urine output and changes in behaviour.
Answer: B · Preconventional level
At the preconventional level, typical of young children, right and wrong are judged by punishment and reward. Formal operational is one of Piaget's cognitive stages, not a Kohlberg level.
Answer: V = 5.6 mL
Heparin and insulin infusions: concentration = units in the bag/bag volume (units/mL). Pump rate (mL/h) = units per hour/concentration, and units per hour = mL/h × concentration. For a weight-based order, units/h = units/kg/h × weight first. A bolus volume = units needed/vial strength. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: D = 13.7 mcg/kg/min
Titrated drips: first find the concentration in mcg/mL (mg × 1000/mL). For a weight-based order, mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × weight. Then mL/h = mcg/min × 60/concentration. Working backwards, mcg/kg/min = mL/h × concentration/(60 × weight). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: B = 235 mL
Intake and output: intake counts everything that goes in (oral fluids, IV infusions, IV medications and flushes, tube feeds); ice chips count as half their volume. Output counts urine, drains, vomit and other losses. Balance = total intake − total output; a negative balance is a net loss. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Positive: more fluid went in than came out.
Answer: t = 4.7 h
Infusion time: time (h) = volume to infuse (mL)/rate (mL/h); use the volume still left in the bag, not the bag size. Volume infused = rate × time. Convert decimal hours to hours and minutes with the fraction × 60 (0.5 h = 30 min, not 50 min). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
That is about 4 h 40 min, so the bag runs out at about 11:40.
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