Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Which set of findings is typical of nephrotic syndrome in a child?
A child on a morphine infusion is very hard to wake, with a respiratory rate of 8 per minute and pinpoint pupils. What should the nurse do first?
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A practice protocol calls for a heparin bolus of 70 units/kg for a patient who weighs 54 kg. The vial contains 5 000 units/mL. What volume V do you draw up? Round to two decimal places.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient who weighs 99 kg has an order for norepinephrine at 6 mcg/min. The bag contains 8 mg in 250 mL. Find the pump rate R in mL/h. Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). The record shows a patient's intake and output for one 12-hour shift. The IV infusion ran at the rate shown for the whole shift. Find the fluid balance B = intake − output in mL (a negative answer means a net loss). Count ice chips as half their volume.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A 500 mL bag runs by pump at 125 mL/h. At 22:00, 100 mL have already been infused. How many hours t until the bag is empty? Round to one decimal place.
Answer: B · Heavy proteinuria, low serum albumin and generalised oedema
In nephrotic syndrome, protein loss lowers the albumin and causes oedema, often first around the eyes. Cola-coloured urine and hypertension after a sore throat suggest post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
Answer: A · Stop the infusion, support breathing and give naloxone as per protocol
Deep sedation, slow breathing and pinpoint pupils indicate opioid toxicity. The opioid is stopped, the airway and breathing supported with oxygen or bag-mask ventilation if needed, naloxone given as prescribed and help called.
Answer: V = 0.76 mL
Heparin and insulin infusions: concentration = units in the bag/bag volume (units/mL). Pump rate (mL/h) = units per hour/concentration, and units per hour = mL/h × concentration. For a weight-based order, units/h = units/kg/h × weight first. A bolus volume = units needed/vial strength. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: R = 11.3 mL/h
Titrated drips: first find the concentration in mcg/mL (mg × 1000/mL). For a weight-based order, mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × weight. Then mL/h = mcg/min × 60/concentration. Working backwards, mcg/kg/min = mL/h × concentration/(60 × weight). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
The order is per minute for the whole patient, so the weight is not needed.
Answer: B = 905 mL
Intake and output: intake counts everything that goes in (oral fluids, IV infusions, IV medications and flushes, tube feeds); ice chips count as half their volume. Output counts urine, drains, vomit and other losses. Balance = total intake − total output; a negative balance is a net loss. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Positive: more fluid went in than came out.
Answer: t = 3.2 h
Infusion time: time (h) = volume to infuse (mL)/rate (mL/h); use the volume still left in the bag, not the bag size. Volume infused = rate × time. Convert decimal hours to hours and minutes with the fraction × 60 (0.5 h = 30 min, not 50 min). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
That is about 3 h 12 min, so the bag runs out at about 01:12.
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