Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 10 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Formulas and methods

Coulomb’s law & electric fields

Coulomb’s law: F = k·|q₁q₂|/r²
Field of a point charge: E = k·|q|/r²
Constant: k = 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C²
Force on a charge: F = q·E

Series & parallel resistors

Resistors in series: R_eq = R₁ + R₂ + …
Resistors in parallel: 1/R_eq = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
Two in parallel: R_eq = R₁R₂ / (R₁ + R₂)
Ohm's law: V = I·R
Power: P = V·I = I²R = V²/R

Method

Start at the end of the network furthest from the terminals.
Combine resistors in series by adding them, and resistors in parallel with 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
Redraw the circuit after each step.
Repeat until one resistor is left between the terminals.

RC & RL transients

Time constant: τ = RC | τ = L/R
Response: x(t) = x(∞) + [x(0) − x(∞)]·e^−t/τ
Capacitor at DC: open circuit; v_C cannot jump
Inductor at DC: short circuit; i_L cannot jump
Settled: t ≈ 5τ

Method

Find the initial value just after switching: a capacitor voltage and an inductor current cannot jump.
Find the final value long after switching: a capacitor acts as an open circuit, an inductor as a short circuit.
Find the time constant: τ = RC or τ = L/R, using the resistance seen by the capacitor or inductor.
Use x(t) = x(∞) + [x(0) − x(∞)]·e^−t/τ.

Magnetic fields & induction

Long straight wire: B = μ₀I/(2πr)
Centre of a flat coil: B = μ₀NI/(2R)
Long solenoid: B = μ₀nI, n = N/L
Constant: μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ T·m/A
Force on a wire: F = BIL·sin θ
Force on a charge: F = |q|vB·sin θ
Circular motion: r = mv/(|q|B), T = 2πm/(|q|B)
Parallel wires: F/L = μ₀I₁I₂/(2πd)
Flux: Φ = BA·cos θ
Faraday’s law: ε = −N·ΔΦ/Δt
Moving rod: ε = BLv
Generator: E₀ = NBAω, E_rms = E₀/√2
Inductance: ε = L·ΔI/Δt, L = μ₀N²A/l, W = ½LI²
Mutual inductance: ε₂ = M·di₁/dt, M = k√(L₁L₂)
Velocity selector and spectrometer: v = E/B, r = √(2mV/|q|)/B

Method

Convert every quantity to SI units: cm to m, cm² to m², mT and µT to T.
Pick the right formula: B = μ₀I/(2πr) for a wire, μ₀NI/(2R) for the centre of a coil, μ₀nI inside a solenoid; F = BIL·sin θ or |q|vB·sin θ for forces.
For induction, find the change of flux ΔΦ = Δ(BA·cos θ) and use ε = N·ΔΦ/Δt, or ε = BLv for a moving rod and NBAω for a rotating coil.
Find directions separately with the right-hand rules, and Lenz’s law for induced currents.

AC impedance & phasors

Impedances: Z_R = R, Z_L = jωL, Z_C = 1/(jωC)
Angular frequency: ω = 2πf
Magnitude and angle: |Z| = √(R² + X²), φ = atan(X/R)
Phasor Ohm’s law: V = I·Z

Method

Convert the frequency: ω = 2πf.
Find each reactance: X_L = ωL and X_C = 1/(ωC).
Add impedances like resistors, with Z = R + jX.
Find the magnitude |Z| = √(R² + X²) and the angle φ = atan(X/R), then use Ohm’s law with phasors.

2Practice problems

1.Coulomb’s law & electric fieldsMedium

A charge of +5 µC and a charge of −8 µC are 10 cm apart. Point P lies on the line between them, 7.5 cm from the first charge. Find the magnitude of the electric field E at P.

q₁ = +5 µCq₂ = −8 µCr₁ = 7.5 cmr₂ = 2.5 cm

E = N/C

2.Coulomb’s law & electric fieldsHard

Charges of +4 µC and +4 µC are 8 cm apart. Point P lies 3 cm from the midpoint between them, on the perpendicular bisector. Find the magnitude of the electric field E at P. Use k = 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C².

q₁ = +4 µCq₂ = +4 µCd = 8 cmh = 3 cm

E = N/C

3.Series & parallel resistorsMedium

Find the equivalent resistance R_eq seen by the source V₁.

V₁ = 12 VR₁ = 6 ΩR₂ = 6 ΩR₃ = 15 ΩR₄ = 6 Ω

R_eq = Ω

4.Series & parallel resistorsHard

Find the current I_R2 through R₂.

V₁ = 6 VR₁ = 5 ΩR₂ = 15 ΩR₃ = 25 ΩR₄ = 6 ΩR₅ = 30 ΩR₆ = 30 Ω

I_R2 = A

5.RC & RL transientsMedium

The source Vₛ charges the capacitor through R₁, and R₂ is connected in parallel with C. The capacitor is uncharged when the switch closes at t = 0. Find the capacitor voltage v_C at t = 5 ms.

V_s = 12 VR₁ = 2.2 kΩR₂ = 1 kΩC = 10 µFt = 5 ms

v_C = V

6.RC & RL transientsHard

A timer starts charging an uncharged capacitor through a resistor from a 5 V supply at t = 0. It must trigger when the capacitor voltage reaches 4.5 V, exactly 10 ms after the start. With C = 1 µF, find the resistance R needed.

V_s = 5 VV_th = 4.5 VT = 10 msC = 1 µF

R = kΩ

7.Magnetic fields & inductionMedium

A coil of 200 turns has an area of 25 cm². A uniform field perpendicular to the coil rises steadily from 0.05 T to 0.25 T in 100 ms. Find the average induced emf ε.

N = 200A = 25 cm²B: 0.05 T → 0.25 TΔt = 100 ms

ε = V

8.Magnetic fields & inductionHard

The current in a 5 mH inductor changes steadily from 0 A to 5 A in 1 ms. Find the magnitude of the self-induced emf ε.

L = 5 mH0 A → 5 AΔt = 1 ms

ε = V

9.AC impedance & phasorsMedium

A series RLC circuit is connected to a 12 V (rms), 60 Hz supply. Find the phase angle φ of the impedance, in degrees (positive when the current lags the voltage).

V = 12 V (rms)f = 60 HzR = 50 ΩL = 50 mHC = 4.7 µF

φ = °

10.AC impedance & phasorsHard

A series RLC circuit is connected to a 10 V (rms), 1000 Hz supply. Find the resonant frequency f₀ of the circuit.

V = 10 V (rms)f = 1000 HzR = 10 ΩL = 20 mHC = 10 µF

f₀ = Hz

3Solutions

1.Coulomb’s law & electric fields

Answer: E = 1.231 × 10⁸ N/C

Coulomb’s law: two point charges attract or repel with F = k·|q₁·q₂|/r², with k = 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C². The field of a point charge is E = k·|q|/r², pointing away from a positive charge and towards a negative one. Forces and fields from several charges add as vectors.

Field of each charge

E₁ = k·5 × 10⁻⁶/0.075² = 7.991 × 10⁶ N/C

E₂ = k·8 × 10⁻⁶/0.025² = 1.151 × 10⁸ N/C

Directions and sum

The first field points away from the positive charge and the second towards the negative charge: both point the same way.

E = |7.991 × 10⁶ + 1.151 × 10⁸| = 1.231 × 10⁸ N/C

Answer

E = 1.231 × 10⁸ N/C

2.Coulomb’s law & electric fields

Answer: E = 1.726 × 10⁷ N/C

Distance and field of one charge

r = √(4² + 3²) = 5 cm

E₁ = k·4 × 10⁻⁶/0.05² = 1.438 × 10⁷ N/C

Components

The components along the line joining the charges cancel.

E = 2·E₁·(h/r) = 2·1.438 × 10⁷·0.6 = 1.726 × 10⁷ N/C

Answer

E = 1.726 × 10⁷ N/C

The field points along the bisector, away from the charges.

3.Series & parallel resistors

Answer: R_eq = 10.67 Ω

Series and parallel resistors: in series the same current flows through each resistor and R = R₁ + R₂ + …. In parallel each resistor has the same voltage and 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …. A ladder network is reduced one pair at a time until a single equivalent resistance remains.

Combine resistors from the far end

Start at the end farthest from the source and work back towards it. Resistors carrying the same current are in series; resistors across the same two nodes are in parallel.

R₃ + R₄ = 15 + 6 = 21 Ω

R₂ ∥ 21 = 6·21/(6+21) = 4.667 Ω

R_eq = R₁ + 4.667 = 6 + 4.667 = 10.67 Ω

Answer

R_eq = 10.67 Ω

4.Series & parallel resistors

Answer: I_R2 = 0.2671 A

Combine resistors from the far end

Start at the end farthest from the source and work back towards it. Resistors carrying the same current are in series; resistors across the same two nodes are in parallel.

R₅ + R₆ = 30 + 30 = 60 Ω

R₄ ∥ 60 = 5.455 Ω

R₃ + 5.455 = 30.45 Ω

R₂ ∥ 30.45 = 10.05 Ω

R_eq = R₁ + 10.05 = 5 + 10.05 = 15.05 Ω

Current from the source

The source sees only R_eq, so Ohm’s law gives the current it delivers. That current flows through R₁.

I_R1 = V₁/R_eq = 6/15.05 = 0.3987 A

Current through R₂

Subtract the drop across R₁ to get the voltage at node A, which is the voltage across R₂.

V_A = V₁ − I_R1·R₁ = 6 − 0.3987·5 = 4.007 V

I_R2 = V_A/R₂ = 4.007/15 = 0.2671 A

Answer

I_R2 = 0.2671 A

5.RC & RL transients

Answer: v_C = 1.938 V

First-order transients: in a circuit with one capacitor or one inductor, every voltage and current moves exponentially from its initial value to its final value: x(t) = x(∞) + [x(0) − x(∞)]·e^−t/τ, with τ = RC or τ = L/R. After about 5τ the circuit has settled.

Thévenin equivalent seen by the capacitor

Short the source to find R_th; open the capacitor to find the voltage it will settle at.

R_th = R₁ ∥ R₂ = 2.2·1/(2.2 + 1) = 0.6875 kΩ

v_C(∞) = 12·1/(2.2 + 1) = 3.75 V

Time constant

τ = R_th·C = 0.6875·10 = 6.875 ms

Charging curve

v_C(t) = 3.75·(1 − e^−5/6.875) = 1.938 V

Answer

v_C = 1.938 V

6.RC & RL transients

Answer: R = 4.343 kΩ

Required time constant

4.5 = 5·(1 − e^−10/τ) → τ = 10/ln(5/(5 − 4.5))

τ = 10/2.303 = 4.343 ms

Resistance

kΩ times µF gives milliseconds.

R = τ/C = 4.343/1 = 4.343 kΩ

Answer

R = 4.343 kΩ

7.Magnetic fields & induction

Answer: ε = 1 V

Electromagnetic induction: the flux through a loop is Φ = BA·cos θ, with θ between B and the normal of the loop. Faraday's law: a change of flux induces emf = −N·dΦ/dt in a coil of N turns, and Lenz's law says the induced current flows so that its own field opposes the change. A rod moving across a field gives emf = BLv. A coil rotating at ω gives e = NBAω·sin ωt, peak NBAω. Self-inductance: emf = −L·di/dt, with L = μ₀N²A/l for a long solenoid, and the energy stored is W = ½LI². Two coupled coils: emf₂ = −M·di₁/dt with M = k√(L₁L₂).

Change of flux per turn

ΔΦ = (0.25 − 0.05)·0.0025 = 0.0005 Wb

Average emf

ε = NΔΦ/Δt = 200·0.0005/0.1 = 1 V

Answer

ε = 1 V

8.Magnetic fields & induction

Answer: ε = 25 V

Self-induced emf

The emf opposes the change of current (Lenz), so its sign is opposite to ΔI; the size is L·|ΔI|/Δt.

ε = L·ΔI/Δt = 0.005·5/0.001 = 25 V

Answer

ε = 25 V

9.AC impedance & phasors

Answer: φ = −84.76 °

AC circuits with phasors: resistors, inductors and capacitors have impedances R, jωL and 1/(jωC), with ω = 2πf. In series, impedances add like resistances, but as complex numbers. Rms current and voltage follow Ohm’s law with |Z|.

Reactances

ω = 2πf = 2π·60 = 377 rad/s

X_L = ωL = 377·0.05 = 18.85 Ω

X_C = 1/(ωC) = 1/(377·4.7·10⁻⁶) = 564.4 Ω

Impedance

In series the impedances add as complex numbers: Z = R + j(X_L − X_C).

|Z| = √(R² + (X_L − X_C)²) = √(50² + (−545.5)²) = 547.8 Ω

Phase angle

φ = arctan((X_L − X_C)/R) = arctan(−545.5/50) = −84.76°

Answer

φ = −84.76°

10.AC impedance & phasors

Answer: f₀ = 355.9 Hz

Resonance

At resonance the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel: ωL = 1/(ωC). The supply frequency does not matter.

f₀ = 1/(2π√(LC)) = 1/(2π·√(0.02·10·10⁻⁶)) = 355.9 Hz

Answer

f₀ = 355.9 Hz

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