Physics 2: Electricity and Magnetism: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 10 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Formulas and methods

Coulomb’s law & electric fields

Coulomb’s law: F = k·|q₁q₂|/r²
Field of a point charge: E = k·|q|/r²
Constant: k = 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C²
Force on a charge: F = q·E

Series & parallel resistors

Resistors in series: R_eq = R₁ + R₂ + …
Resistors in parallel: 1/R_eq = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
Two in parallel: R_eq = R₁R₂ / (R₁ + R₂)
Ohm's law: V = I·R
Power: P = V·I = I²R = V²/R

Method

Start at the end of the network furthest from the terminals.
Combine resistors in series by adding them, and resistors in parallel with 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
Redraw the circuit after each step.
Repeat until one resistor is left between the terminals.

RC & RL transients

Time constant: τ = RC | τ = L/R
Response: x(t) = x(∞) + [x(0) − x(∞)]·e^−t/τ
Capacitor at DC: open circuit; v_C cannot jump
Inductor at DC: short circuit; i_L cannot jump
Settled: t ≈ 5τ

Method

Find the initial value just after switching: a capacitor voltage and an inductor current cannot jump.
Find the final value long after switching: a capacitor acts as an open circuit, an inductor as a short circuit.
Find the time constant: τ = RC or τ = L/R, using the resistance seen by the capacitor or inductor.
Use x(t) = x(∞) + [x(0) − x(∞)]·e^−t/τ.

Magnetic fields & induction

Long straight wire: B = μ₀I/(2πr)
Centre of a flat coil: B = μ₀NI/(2R)
Long solenoid: B = μ₀nI, n = N/L
Constant: μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ T·m/A
Force on a wire: F = BIL·sin θ
Force on a charge: F = |q|vB·sin θ
Circular motion: r = mv/(|q|B), T = 2πm/(|q|B)
Parallel wires: F/L = μ₀I₁I₂/(2πd)
Flux: Φ = BA·cos θ
Faraday’s law: ε = −N·ΔΦ/Δt
Moving rod: ε = BLv
Generator: E₀ = NBAω, E_rms = E₀/√2
Inductance: ε = L·ΔI/Δt, L = μ₀N²A/l, W = ½LI²
Mutual inductance: ε₂ = M·di₁/dt, M = k√(L₁L₂)
Velocity selector and spectrometer: v = E/B, r = √(2mV/|q|)/B

Method

Convert every quantity to SI units: cm to m, cm² to m², mT and µT to T.
Pick the right formula: B = μ₀I/(2πr) for a wire, μ₀NI/(2R) for the centre of a coil, μ₀nI inside a solenoid; F = BIL·sin θ or |q|vB·sin θ for forces.
For induction, find the change of flux ΔΦ = Δ(BA·cos θ) and use ε = N·ΔΦ/Δt, or ε = BLv for a moving rod and NBAω for a rotating coil.
Find directions separately with the right-hand rules, and Lenz’s law for induced currents.

AC impedance & phasors

Impedances: Z_R = R, Z_L = jωL, Z_C = 1/(jωC)
Angular frequency: ω = 2πf
Magnitude and angle: |Z| = √(R² + X²), φ = atan(X/R)
Phasor Ohm’s law: V = I·Z

Method

Convert the frequency: ω = 2πf.
Find each reactance: X_L = ωL and X_C = 1/(ωC).
Add impedances like resistors, with Z = R + jX.
Find the magnitude |Z| = √(R² + X²) and the angle φ = atan(X/R), then use Ohm’s law with phasors.

2Practice problems

1.Coulomb’s law & electric fieldsMedium

Charges of +10 µC and +2 µC are 40 cm apart. At what distance x from the +10 µC charge, on the line between them, is the electric field zero?

q₁ = +10 µCq₂ = +2 µCd = 40 cm

x = cm

2.Coulomb’s law & electric fieldsHard

Charges of +3 µC and −3 µC are 12 cm apart. Point P lies 5 cm from the midpoint between them, on the perpendicular bisector. Find the magnitude of the electric field E at P. Use k = 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C².

q₁ = +3 µCq₂ = −3 µCd = 12 cmh = 5 cm

E = N/C

3.Series & parallel resistorsMedium

Find the current I_R2 through R₂.

V₁ = 15 VR₁ = 5 ΩR₂ = 8 ΩR₃ = 5 ΩR₄ = 12 Ω

I_R2 = A

4.Series & parallel resistorsHard

Find the current I_R1 delivered by the source, which flows through R₁.

V₁ = 30 VR₁ = 3 ΩR₂ = 4 ΩR₃ = 15 ΩR₄ = 2 ΩR₅ = 12 ΩR₆ = 8 Ω

I_R1 = A

5.RC & RL transientsMedium

The inductor carries no current before the switch closes at t = 0. Find the voltage v_L across the inductor at t = 1 ms.

V_s = 10 VR = 100 ΩL = 10 mHt = 1 ms

v_L = V

6.RC & RL transientsHard

The switch has been closed for a long time, so the circuit is in steady state. At t = 0 the switch opens. Find the capacitor voltage v_C at t = 75 ms.

V_s = 24 VR₁ = 10 kΩR₂ = 1 kΩC = 100 µFt = 75 ms

v_C = V

7.Magnetic fields & inductionMedium

A coil of 25 turns, area 50 cm² and resistance 4 Ω forms a closed circuit. A uniform field perpendicular to the coil rises steadily from 0 T to 0.1 T in 500 ms. Find the average induced current I.

N = 25A = 50 cm²B: 0 T → 0.1 TΔt = 500 msR = 4 Ω

I = mA

8.Magnetic fields & inductionHard

A proton passes undeflected through a velocity selector with crossed fields E = 1 × 10⁵ V/m and B₁ = 0.5 T. It then enters a second region with only a magnetic field B₂ = 0.5 T, at right angles. Find the radius r of its path there.

E = 1 × 10⁵ V/mB₁ = 0.5 TB₂ = 0.5 Tm = 1.673 × 10⁻²⁷ kg|q| = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C

r = cm

9.AC impedance & phasorsMedium

A resistor and a capacitor are connected in parallel across a 100 V (rms), 500 Hz supply. Find the magnitude of the impedance |Z|.

V = 100 V (rms)f = 500 HzR = 10 ΩC = 47 µF

|Z| = Ω

10.AC impedance & phasorsHard

A series RLC circuit has R = 2 Ω, L = 1 mH and C = 0.47 µF. Find its quality factor Q at resonance.

R = 2 ΩL = 1 mHC = 0.47 µF

Q =

3Solutions

1.Coulomb’s law & electric fields

Answer: x = 27.64 cm

Coulomb’s law: two point charges attract or repel with F = k·|q₁·q₂|/r², with k = 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C². The field of a point charge is E = k·|q|/r², pointing away from a positive charge and towards a negative one. Forces and fields from several charges add as vectors.

Equal fields

10/x² = 2/(40 − x)²

(40 − x)/x = √(2/10) = 0.4472

Position

x = 40/(1 + 0.4472) = 27.64 cm

Answer

x = 27.64 cm

The zero point is always closer to the smaller charge.

2.Coulomb’s law & electric fields

Answer: E = 6.793 × 10⁶ N/C

Distance and field of one charge

r = √(6² + 5²) = 7.81 cm

E₁ = k·3 × 10⁻⁶/0.0781² = 4.421 × 10⁶ N/C

Components

The components along the bisector cancel.

E = 2·E₁·(a/r) = 2·4.421 × 10⁶·0.7682 = 6.793 × 10⁶ N/C

Answer

E = 6.793 × 10⁶ N/C

The field points parallel to the line from the positive towards the negative charge.

3.Series & parallel resistors

Answer: I_R2 = 0.977 A

Series and parallel resistors: in series the same current flows through each resistor and R = R₁ + R₂ + …. In parallel each resistor has the same voltage and 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …. A ladder network is reduced one pair at a time until a single equivalent resistance remains.

Combine resistors from the far end

Start at the end farthest from the source and work back towards it. Resistors carrying the same current are in series; resistors across the same two nodes are in parallel.

R₃ + R₄ = 5 + 12 = 17 Ω

R₂ ∥ 17 = 8·17/(8+17) = 5.44 Ω

R_eq = R₁ + 5.44 = 5 + 5.44 = 10.44 Ω

Current from the source

The source sees only R_eq, so Ohm’s law gives the current it delivers. That current flows through R₁.

I_R1 = V₁/R_eq = 15/10.44 = 1.437 A

Current through R₂

Subtract the drop across R₁ to get the voltage at node A, which is the voltage across R₂.

V_A = V₁ − I_R1·R₁ = 15 − 1.437·5 = 7.816 V

I_R2 = V_A/R₂ = 7.816/8 = 0.977 A

Answer

I_R2 = 0.977 A

4.Series & parallel resistors

Answer: I_R1 = 4.814 A

Combine resistors from the far end

Start at the end farthest from the source and work back towards it. Resistors carrying the same current are in series; resistors across the same two nodes are in parallel.

R₅ + R₆ = 12 + 8 = 20 Ω

R₄ ∥ 20 = 1.818 Ω

R₃ + 1.818 = 16.82 Ω

R₂ ∥ 16.82 = 3.231 Ω

R_eq = R₁ + 3.231 = 3 + 3.231 = 6.231 Ω

Current from the source

The source sees only R_eq, so Ohm’s law gives the current it delivers. That current flows through R₁.

I_R1 = V₁/R_eq = 30/6.231 = 4.814 A

Answer

I_R1 = 4.814 A

5.RC & RL transients

Answer: v_L = 0.000454 V

First-order transients: in a circuit with one capacitor or one inductor, every voltage and current moves exponentially from its initial value to its final value: x(t) = x(∞) + [x(0) − x(∞)]·e^−t/τ, with τ = RC or τ = L/R. After about 5τ the circuit has settled.

Time constant and final current

Long after the switch closes the inductor behaves like a short circuit, so the final current is set by R alone.

τ = L/R = 10 mH / 100 Ω = 0.1 ms

i(∞) = V_s/R = 10/100 = 0.1 A

Inductor voltage

At t = 0 the whole supply voltage appears across the inductor; it then decays to zero.

v_L(t) = V_s·e^−t/τ = 10·e^−1/0.1 = 0.000454 V

Answer

v_L = 0.000454 V

6.RC & RL transients

Answer: v_C = 1.031 V

Initial capacitor voltage

In steady state the capacitor is an open circuit, so R₁ and R₂ form a voltage divider. The capacitor voltage cannot jump when the switch opens.

v_C(0) = 24·1/(10 + 1) = 2.182 V

Time constant after the switch opens

τ = R₂·C = 1·100 = 100 ms

Discharge

v_C(t) = 2.182·e^−75/100 = 1.031 V

Answer

v_C = 1.031 V

7.Magnetic fields & induction

Answer: I = 6.25 mA

Electromagnetic induction: the flux through a loop is Φ = BA·cos θ, with θ between B and the normal of the loop. Faraday's law: a change of flux induces emf = −N·dΦ/dt in a coil of N turns, and Lenz's law says the induced current flows so that its own field opposes the change. A rod moving across a field gives emf = BLv. A coil rotating at ω gives e = NBAω·sin ωt, peak NBAω. Self-inductance: emf = −L·di/dt, with L = μ₀N²A/l for a long solenoid, and the energy stored is W = ½LI². Two coupled coils: emf₂ = −M·di₁/dt with M = k√(L₁L₂).

Change of flux per turn

ΔΦ = (0.1 − 0)·0.005 = 0.0005 Wb

Average emf

ε = NΔΦ/Δt = 25·0.0005/0.5 = 0.025 V

Current

I = ε/R = 0.025/4 = 0.00625 A

Answer

I = 6.25 mA

8.Magnetic fields & induction

Answer: r = 0.4177 cm

Magnetic forces: a straight wire carrying I in a field B feels F = BIL·sin θ, and a moving charge F = |q|vB·sin θ, where θ is the angle between the current (or velocity) and B. The force is perpendicular to both: point the fingers of the right hand along I or v, curl them towards B, and the thumb gives F for a positive charge; reverse it for a negative charge. Because F is perpendicular to v, a charge moving across a uniform field moves on a circle: |q|vB = mv²/r gives r = mv/(|q|B) and the period T = 2πm/(|q|B), which does not depend on the speed. Two parallel wires attract for currents in the same direction: F/L = μ₀I₁I₂/(2πd).

Selected speed

Undeflected: the electric force qE balances the magnetic force qvB.

v = E/B₁ = 1 × 10⁵/0.5 = 200000 m/s

Radius in the second field

r = mv/(|q|B₂) = 0.004177 m = 0.4177 cm

Answer

r = 0.4177 cm

9.AC impedance & phasors

Answer: |Z| = 5.608 Ω

AC circuits with phasors: resistors, inductors and capacitors have impedances R, jωL and 1/(jωC), with ω = 2πf. In series, impedances add like resistances, but as complex numbers. Rms current and voltage follow Ohm’s law with |Z|.

Reactance

X_C = 1/(ωC) = 1/(2π·500·47·10⁻⁶) = 6.773 Ω

Branch currents

Both branches are connected straight across the supply, so each sees the full voltage V.

I_R = V/R = 100/10 = 10 A

I_X = V/X_C = 100/6.773 = 14.77 A

Total current

The resistor current is in phase with V and the reactive current is 90° out of phase, so they add like the sides of a right triangle.

I = √(I_R² + I_X²) = √(10² + 14.77²) = 17.83 A

Impedance

|Z| = V/I = 100/17.83 = 5.608 Ω

Answer

|Z| = 5.608 Ω

10.AC impedance & phasors

Answer: Q = 23.06

Resonant frequency

f₀ = 1/(2π·√(0.001·0.47·10⁻⁶)) = 7341 Hz

Quality factor

Q compares the reactance at resonance with the resistance: Q = ω₀L/R.

Q = (1/R)·√(L/C) = (1/2)·√(0.001/(0.47·10⁻⁶)) = 23.06

Answer

Q = 23.06

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