Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 16 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
“I was born in 1950 in a small farming village. Every morning I walked three miles to school, even in the snow.” What type of source is this most likely?
“Patient A’s heart rate: 72 at 8 a.m., 74 at noon, 71 at 4 p.m. Patient B’s heart rate: 70 at 8 a.m., 95 at noon, 118 at 4 p.m.” Which patient should the nurse be more concerned about, and why?
The line graph shows the outdoor temperature every 2 hours, from hour 0 to hour 10. What is the mean x̄ of the six readings?
After a 50% pay rise, a nursing assistant earns $112.5 a week. What was the weekly pay x before the rise, in dollars?
Which structure produces most of the cerebrospinal fluid?
When a patient stands on the right leg only, the left side of the pelvis drops (positive Trendelenburg sign). Which nerve is most likely damaged?
Which receptors respond mainly to a fall in arterial oxygen levels?
Spirometry shows reduced FEV1 and reduced FVC, with a normal or high FEV1/FVC ratio. What pattern is this?
What is the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?
Plants in waterlogged soil take up fewer mineral ions, even when the ions are plentiful. What is the best explanation?
How many moles of gas are in 44.8 L at STP (0 °C and 1 atm)?
A nurse wipes a patient's arm with an alcohol swab and the patient says the skin feels cold. What explains this?
Choose the correct verb: “Some of the cake ___ missing.”
Which sentence uses “fewer” and “less” correctly?
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “Pain is a subjective symptom.”
Which word is closest in meaning to candid?
Answer: A · A primary source, such as a memoir
A first-hand account by someone who lived the events is a primary source. A textbook summarising others’ accounts would be secondary.
Answer: B · Patient B, because the rate is rising steadily.
Patient A’s rate stays fairly steady, while Patient B’s climbs from 70 to 118. A steadily rising heart rate is a change that needs attention.
Answer: x̄ = 3 °C
Reading charts and tables: read the title, the categories and the scale first. On a bar chart or line graph, follow the top of the bar or the point across to the vertical axis; every gridline is one step of the scale. A pie chart shows parts of a whole: a sector of p% stands for p% of the total and has an angle of p% of 360°.
Answer: x = 75 $
Reverse percentages: when a value has already been increased or decreased by a percent, the new value is a percent of the original, not the other way round. After a 20% discount the price is 80% of the original, so original = new price ÷ 0.80. Never add the 20% back on to the new price.
Answer: C · Choroid plexus
The choroid plexus in the ventricles secretes most CSF. CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood through the arachnoid granulations.
Answer: B · Right superior gluteal nerve
The superior gluteal nerve supplies gluteus medius and minimus. If those of the standing (right) leg are weak, the pelvis sags on the opposite, unsupported side.
Answer: C · Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
The carotid and aortic bodies detect low PaO₂ (and also high CO₂ and H⁺). The central chemoreceptors respond to CO₂ but not directly to oxygen.
Answer: B · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis
In restrictive disease the lungs are small or stiff, so both FEV1 and FVC fall but the ratio is preserved. Obstruction lowers FEV1 more than FVC.
Answer: D · Antiseptics are used on living tissue; disinfectants are used on objects
Antiseptics, such as chlorhexidine, are gentle enough for skin and mucous membranes. Disinfectants, such as bleach, are too harsh for tissue and are used on surfaces and equipment.
Answer: C · Root cells lack oxygen, so less ATP is made for active transport
Root hair cells absorb many ions by active transport, which needs ATP from aerobic respiration. Waterlogged soil has little air, so the roots get little oxygen and make less ATP.
Answer: A · 2 mol
At STP, 1 mol occupies 22.4 L, so 44.8 L ÷ 22.4 L/mol = 2 mol.
Answer: B · The alcohol absorbs heat from the skin as it evaporates
Evaporation is endothermic: the alcohol takes the energy it needs to vaporise from the skin, lowering skin temperature. Sweating cools the body in the same way.
Answer: B · is
“Some”, “all”, “most” and “none” take their number from the noun that follows. “Cake” here is singular, so the verb is “is”.
Answer: A · The new diet has fewer calories and less sugar.
Countable nouns (calories) take “fewer”; uncountable nouns (sugar) take “less”.
Answer: B · Based on the patient’s own experience
Subjective information comes from the patient’s own feelings and report, so it cannot be measured directly.
Answer: C · Frank
Candid means truthful and straightforward, which is the meaning of frank.
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