Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 16 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
“The lungs contain millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. Here, oxygen passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide passes out to be breathed away.” What happens in the alveoli?
The author writes: “Most people in my office prefer tea to coffee. Therefore, tea is the most popular drink in the country.” What is the main flaw?
A recipe uses 2 cups of flour for 4 batches of muffins. At the same rate, how many cups of flour x are needed for 18 batches?
After a 25% pay rise, a nursing assistant earns $268.75 a week. What was the weekly pay x before the rise, in dollars?
Which cranial nerve controls most of the muscles of facial expression?
Early appendicitis is often felt as vague pain around the umbilicus. Why?
The Frank–Starling mechanism describes that:
Which change shifts the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
By which process does oxygen enter a cell and carbon dioxide leave it?
Redi placed meat in open jars and in jars covered with gauze. Maggots appeared only on meat that flies could reach. What did this show?
0.5 mol of KCl is dissolved to make 250 mL of solution. What is its molarity?
A metal reacts with an acid and a gas is given off that burns with a squeaky pop. Which gas is it?
Which sentence is written in the first person?
Choose the correct pronoun: “Two students, Lena and ___, won the award.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The footballer had a large contusion on his thigh.”
What does the term hyperglycaemia mean?
Answer: D · Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
In the alveoli, oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out. This swap is called gas exchange.
Answer: B · One office may not represent the country.
The author draws a national conclusion from one office. A small, unrepresentative sample cannot show what the whole country prefers.
Answer: x = 9 cups
Ratios and proportions: a ratio a : b compares two amounts. In a proportion two ratios are equal, a/b = c/d, and you solve it by cross-multiplying: a·d = b·c. To share an amount in the ratio m : n, divide it into m + n equal parts; one share is m parts, the other n parts.
Answer: x = 215 $
Reverse percentages: when a value has already been increased or decreased by a percent, the new value is a percent of the original, not the other way round. After a 20% discount the price is 80% of the original, so original = new price ÷ 0.80. Never add the 20% back on to the new price.
Answer: B · Facial nerve (VII)
The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) supplies the muscles of facial expression. Damage causes facial palsy, as in Bell's palsy.
Answer: A · Its visceral nerves enter the cord at T10, like the umbilical skin
Visceral pain from midgut structures is referred to the T10 dermatome around the umbilicus. When the parietal peritoneum becomes inflamed, pain localises to the right iliac fossa.
Answer: B · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
Greater end-diastolic volume stretches the myocardium, which increases the force of contraction and the stroke volume, matching output to venous return.
Answer: B · Higher temperature
Higher temperature, CO₂, H⁺ (lower pH) and 2,3-BPG lower haemoglobin's affinity and shift the curve right, releasing more oxygen to active tissues.
Answer: A · Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
O₂ and CO₂ are small, nonpolar molecules that pass directly through the lipid bilayer from high to low concentration. No carrier protein and no energy are needed.
Answer: A · Maggots come from eggs laid by flies, not from the meat itself
Redi's experiment showed that maggots did not arise spontaneously from meat. They appeared only where flies could lay eggs, which was early evidence against spontaneous generation.
Answer: C · 2 M
250 mL = 0.250 L. M = mol ÷ L = 0.5 ÷ 0.250 = 2 M. Dividing by 250 without converting would give a wrong answer.
Answer: B · Hydrogen
Reactive metals displace hydrogen from acids, for example Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂. Hydrogen burns with a squeaky pop.
Answer: C · I checked the results twice.
First person uses I or we, second person you, third person he, she, it or they.
Answer: C · I
A pronoun in an appositive takes the same case as the word it renames. “Two students” is the subject, so the subject form “I” is used: “Lena and I won the award.”
Answer: D · A bruise
A contusion is a bruise caused by a blow that damages small blood vessels under the skin.
Answer: A · A high blood sugar level
Hyperglycaemia (US: hyperglycemia) is an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood.
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