Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 16 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Falls are a common cause of injury in older adults. Removing loose rugs, adding bright lights on stairs and installing grab bars in the bathroom can make a home safer. What is the main purpose of the passage?
“Critics called the plan reckless, but the mayor pointed to three nearby cities where the same plan had cut traffic by a fifth.” How does the mayor support the plan?
Solve for x: 4x − 6 = −38.
A recipe uses 6 cups of flour for 4 batches of muffins. At the same rate, how many cups of flour x are needed for 7 batches?
Which type of epithelium lines most of the trachea?
A tumour at the apex of the lung causes drooping of the eyelid, a small pupil and loss of sweating on the same side of the face. Which pathway is disrupted?
Which receptors respond mainly to a fall in arterial oxygen levels?
A healthy person stands up quickly after lying down. Which reflex response prevents fainting?
The human arm, bat wing and whale flipper contain the same set of bones. What does this suggest?
At 100× total magnification, the field of view of a microscope is 2 mm wide. What is its width at 400×?
A magnesium atom loses two electrons. What is the ion formed?
Why does atomic radius decrease from left to right across a period?
Choose the correct form: “She could ___ called earlier.”
Choose the best transition: “Some foods are rich in iron. ___, spinach and lentils contain a lot of it.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The nurse will auscultate the patient’s lungs.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The patient’s condition began to deteriorate overnight.”
Answer: B · To suggest ways to prevent falls at home
The passage names fall risks and lists changes that make a home safer, so its purpose is to suggest ways to prevent falls.
Answer: C · By giving examples of where the plan has worked
The mayor uses evidence from other cities where the plan reduced traffic.
Answer: x = −8
Solving equations: do the same thing to both sides until x stands alone. Undo operations in reverse order: first undo addition or subtraction, then multiplication or division. Clear parentheses with the distributive property, a(x + b) = ax + ab, and collect the x terms on one side. Check the answer by substituting it back.
Answer: x = 10.5 cups
Ratios and proportions: a ratio a : b compares two amounts. In a proportion two ratios are equal, a/b = c/d, and you solve it by cross-multiplying: a·d = b·c. To share an amount in the ratio m : n, divide it into m + n equal parts; one share is m parts, the other n parts.
Answer: B · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells. Mucus traps particles and cilia move it up towards the pharynx.
Answer: B · Cervical sympathetic chain
This is Horner's syndrome: ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis from interruption of sympathetic fibres, here by an apical (Pancoast) tumour pressing on the sympathetic chain.
Answer: A · Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
The carotid and aortic bodies detect low PaO₂ (and also high CO₂ and H⁺). The central chemoreceptors respond to CO₂ but not directly to oxygen.
Answer: C · The baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction
Blood pools in the legs and pressure falls; baroreceptors fire less, which increases sympathetic and decreases vagal activity within seconds, raising heart rate and vascular tone.
Answer: A · They share a common ancestor
Homologous structures have the same basic plan because they were inherited from a common ancestor, even if they now do different jobs. They are evidence of evolution.
Answer: B · 0.5 mm
Magnification increases 4 times (100× to 400×), so the field of view becomes 4 times narrower: 2 mm ÷ 4 = 0.5 mm.
Answer: B · Mg²⁺
Losing two electrons leaves two more protons than electrons, giving a 2+ charge. Group 2 metals form 2+ ions.
Answer: A · More protons pull the electrons of the same outer shell closer
Across a period, each element has one more proton but its outer electrons are in the same shell with similar shielding. The stronger nuclear charge pulls the electrons in, so the atom gets smaller.
Answer: C · have
“Could have” (could’ve) + past participle is correct. “Could of” is a common error that comes from how “could’ve” sounds.
Answer: D · For instance
“For instance” introduces examples that support the previous statement. The other transitions show contrast or cause and effect.
Answer: B · Listen to with a stethoscope
To auscultate is to listen to body sounds, usually with a stethoscope.
Answer: D · Grow steadily worse
To deteriorate is to become progressively worse in condition or quality.
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