1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which structure is the main bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
- ACerebral peduncle
- BCorpus callosum
- CFornix
- DInternal capsule
2.Human anatomyHard
A stab wound cuts the left half of the spinal cord at T10. Which pattern of loss is expected below the lesion?
- ARight-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, left-sided loss of pain and temperature
- BLoss of all sensation and movement on the left only
- CLeft-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
- DLoss of pain and temperature on both sides only
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which receptors respond mainly to a fall in arterial oxygen levels?
- AStretch receptors in the lungs
- BCentral chemoreceptors in the medulla
- CPeripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
- DBaroreceptors in the carotid sinus
4.Human physiologyHard
A pulmonary embolus blocks blood flow to a well-ventilated region of lung. How does the ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) ratio of that region change?
- AIt stays normal because ventilation falls too
- BIt becomes zero, acting as a shunt
- CIt becomes very high, acting as dead space
- DIt becomes low, like in pneumonia
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is an inversion mutation?
- AA chromosome segment breaks off and is reattached the wrong way round
- BA segment of a chromosome is lost completely
- CA segment of a chromosome moves to a different, non-matching chromosome
- DA whole extra chromosome is added to the cell
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Fleming saw a clear area with no bacteria around a Penicillium mould growing on a bacterial plate. What was the best explanation?
- AThe bacteria had turned into mould cells
- BThe mould used up all of the oxygen that the nearby bacteria needed
- CThe mould released a substance that killed or stopped the bacteria
- DThe bacteria had moved away to find more food
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
A bag of 5% (w/v) glucose solution (called 5% dextrose in the US) contains 5 g of glucose per 100 mL. How many grams of glucose are in 1 L?
- A500 g
- B50 g
- C0.5 g
- D5 g
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Which list puts the elements in order of increasing atomic radius?
- AC, N, O, F
- BO, F, N, C
- CNa, Mg, Al, Si
- DF, O, N, C
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Corpus callosum
Why this is the answer
The corpus callosum is the largest commissure, linking matching areas of the two hemispheres. The internal capsule carries projection fibres up and down instead.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
Why this is the answer
In Brown-Séquard syndrome the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns are lost on the same side, while the spinothalamic tract, which crosses near entry, causes contralateral pain and temperature loss.
C · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
Why this is the answer
The carotid and aortic bodies detect low PaO₂ (and also high CO₂ and H⁺). The central chemoreceptors respond to CO₂ but not directly to oxygen.
C · Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · It becomes very high, acting as dead space
Why this is the answer
Ventilation without perfusion gives a very high V/Q ratio (dead space). A shunt, such as in pneumonia, is the opposite: perfusion without ventilation.
C · It becomes very high, acting as dead space
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · A chromosome segment breaks off and is reattached the wrong way round
Why this is the answer
In an inversion, a chromosome piece is flipped 180° and rejoined, so its genes are in reverse order. Deletion is a loss, translocation is a move to another chromosome, and trisomy is an extra chromosome.
A · A chromosome segment breaks off and is reattached the wrong way round
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The mould released a substance that killed or stopped the bacteria
Why this is the answer
The mould released penicillin, which diffused into the agar and killed nearby bacteria. Penicillin blocks the building of the peptidoglycan cell wall.
C · The mould released a substance that killed or stopped the bacteria
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 50 g
Why this is the answer
% w/v means grams per 100 mL. 1 L = 1000 mL = 10 × 100 mL, so it contains 10 × 5 g = 50 g of glucose.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · F, O, N, C
Why this is the answer
Across a period atoms get smaller, so the order of increasing size runs backwards: F < O < N < C. Na to Si is decreasing.
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