1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which part of the brain is chiefly responsible for coordination and balance?
- ACerebellum
- BHypothalamus
- CThalamus
- DMedulla oblongata
2.Human anatomyHard
A large central disc prolapse at L4–L5 causes saddle anaesthesia, urinary retention and bilateral leg weakness. Which structure is compressed?
- ASciatic nerve in the buttock
- BCauda equina
- CFemoral nerve
- DThoracic spinal cord
3.Human physiologyMedium
During contraction of a skeletal muscle sarcomere, which band stays the same length?
- AI band
- BA band
- CThe whole sarcomere
- DH zone
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin?
- AFetal blood has a higher pH
- BIt has five subunits instead of four
- CIt contains more iron per haem
- DIt binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Why do the palisade cells near the top surface of a leaf contain many chloroplasts?
- AThey carry sugars from the leaves down to the roots
- BThey store most of the plant's water for dry periods
- CThey protect the leaf from insects and strong winds
- DThey get the most light and do most of the photosynthesis
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Liver cells take in cholesterol-carrying LDL particles only after the particles bind to specific proteins on the cell surface. Which process is this?
- AReceptor-mediated endocytosis
- BSimple diffusion
- CPinocytosis of extracellular fluid
- DExocytosis
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
How does increasing the temperature usually affect the rate of a reaction?
- AIt has no effect on the rate
- BIt decreases the rate
- CIt stops the reaction completely
- DIt increases the rate
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Which of these is a neutralisation reaction?
- ACH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
- BZn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu
- CH₂SO₄ + 2KOH → K₂SO₄ + 2H₂O
- D2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Cerebellum
Why this is the answer
The cerebellum fine-tunes movement, posture and balance. Damage causes ataxia and an unsteady gait.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Cauda equina
Why this is the answer
Below L1–L2 the canal holds the cauda equina. Central compression of these lumbar and sacral roots causes cauda equina syndrome, a surgical emergency.
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · A band
Why this is the answer
In the sliding filament model, filaments slide past each other without shortening. The A band (myosin length) stays the same while the I band and H zone shorten.
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · It binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
Why this is the answer
The gamma chains of HbF bind 2,3-BPG poorly, so the curve is shifted left. This lets fetal blood take oxygen from maternal blood in the placenta.
D · It binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · They get the most light and do most of the photosynthesis
Why this is the answer
Palisade cells lie just below the upper surface, where light is strongest. Packing them with chloroplasts lets the leaf capture as much light as possible for photosynthesis.
D · They get the most light and do most of the photosynthesis
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Why this is the answer
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, the substance binds to specific receptors, and that part of the membrane folds in to form a vesicle. Pinocytosis takes in fluid without such specificity, and exocytosis releases material.
A · Receptor-mediated endocytosis
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · It increases the rate
Why this is the answer
At higher temperature more collisions have at least the activation energy, so reactions go faster. Concentration, surface area and catalysts also raise the rate.
D · It increases the rate
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · H₂SO₄ + 2KOH → K₂SO₄ + 2H₂O
Why this is the answer
Sulfuric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide to give a salt (K₂SO₄) and water. The others are decomposition, combustion and single replacement.
C · H₂SO₄ + 2KOH → K₂SO₄ + 2H₂O
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