1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Where does the spinal cord normally end in an adult?
- AAt the level of the sacrum
- BAt the coccyx
- CAt about the level of T10
- DAt about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
2.Human anatomyHard
In the fetus, the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. What does it become after birth?
- ALigamentum arteriosum
- BLigamentum teres
- CLigamentum venosum
- DFossa ovalis
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant?
- ATo kill bacteria in the airways
- BTo carry oxygen across the alveolar wall
- CTo reduce surface tension in the alveoli
- DTo trap dust in the bronchi
4.Human physiologyHard
Which transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is key to building the medullary concentration gradient?
- AThe Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
- BThe sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT2)
- CAquaporin-2 water channels
- DThe epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) are crossed, and A is completely dominant. What is the expected phenotype ratio?
- A3 dominant : 1 recessive
- BAll dominant
- C1 dominant : 1 recessive
- D1 dominant : 2 intermediate : 1 recessive
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Which type of graph is best for showing how a patient's temperature changes over 24 hours?
- AA food web
- BA Punnett square
- CA line graph
- DA pie chart
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
In the reaction 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O, how many moles of water form from 3 moles of oxygen?
- A6 mol
- B2 mol
- C3 mol
- D1.5 mol
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
5.85 g of NaCl (molar mass 58.5 g/mol) is dissolved to make 500 mL of solution. What is the molarity?
- A0.2 M
- B0.1 M
- C0.05 M
- D2 M
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · At about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
Why this is the answer
In adults the cord ends at the conus medullaris near L1–L2. Below that lies the cauda equina, which is why lumbar punctures are done at L3–L4 or L4–L5.
D · At about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Ligamentum arteriosum
Why this is the answer
The ductus arteriosus closes after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. The foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis and the ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum.
A · Ligamentum arteriosum
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · To reduce surface tension in the alveoli
Why this is the answer
Surfactant, made by type II alveolar cells, lowers surface tension so alveoli do not collapse and the lungs are easier to inflate.
C · To reduce surface tension in the alveoli
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
Why this is the answer
NKCC2 moves Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ out of the tubule into the interstitium without water, building the medullary gradient. Loop diuretics such as furosemide block it.
A · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 3 dominant : 1 recessive
Why this is the answer
Three of the four combinations (AA, Aa, Aa) carry at least one A and show the dominant trait; only aa shows the recessive one.
A · 3 dominant : 1 recessive
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · A line graph
Why this is the answer
A line graph shows how one variable changes over time. A pie chart shows parts of a whole at one moment.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 6 mol
Why this is the answer
The ratio is 1 O₂ : 2 H₂O, so 3 mol O₂ gives 6 mol H₂O (with enough hydrogen).
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 0.2 M
Why this is the answer
Moles = 5.85 ÷ 58.5 = 0.100 mol. Volume = 0.500 L. Molarity = 0.100 ÷ 0.500 = 0.2 M. Stopping at moles gives the wrong answer 0.1.
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