1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
- ABronchial arteries
- BPulmonary veins
- CVenae cavae
- DPulmonary arteries
2.Human anatomyHard
An ECG shows an infarct in leads II, III and aVF (inferior wall). Which coronary artery is most commonly blocked?
- ALeft main coronary artery
- BRight coronary artery
- CFirst diagonal branch
- DLeft anterior descending artery
3.Human physiologyMedium
Vital capacity is the sum of which lung volumes?
- ATidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
- BResidual volume and expiratory reserve volume
- CTidal volume and residual volume
- DInspiratory reserve volume and residual volume
4.Human physiologyHard
A patient has taken high-dose prednisolone for a year. What is the state of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis?
- AACTH is suppressed and the adrenal cortex has atrophied
- BACTH is high and the adrenal cortex is enlarged
- CThe adrenal medulla has stopped making adrenaline and noradrenaline
- DACTH is normal and cortisol production is increased
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
When does crossing over between homologous chromosomes happen?
- AIn anaphase of mitosis
- BIn the S phase of interphase
- CIn prophase I of meiosis
- DIn telophase II of meiosis
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
In uncontrolled diabetes, glucose appears in the urine and the person passes large volumes of urine. What is the best explanation?
- AInsulin makes the kidneys filter more blood
- BGlucose is broken down into water in the bladder
- CGlucose in the kidney filtrate holds water by osmosis
- DGlucose makes the kidneys absorb more water
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
In a reaction at equilibrium, a product is continuously removed. What happens?
- AThe reactants run out immediately
- BThe equilibrium shifts to the left to form more reactants
- CMore product keeps forming as the equilibrium shifts to the right
- DThe reaction rate drops to zero
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Why does a burn from steam at 100 °C usually cause more damage than one from liquid water at 100 °C?
- ASteam carries dissolved acid that damages the skin
- BSteam particles are hotter than water particles at the same reading
- CSteam releases a large amount of extra energy as it condenses on the skin
- DLiquid water cannot pass any of its heat to the skin
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Pulmonary veins
Why this is the answer
Four pulmonary veins drain oxygenated blood into the left atrium. They are the main exception to the rule that veins carry deoxygenated blood.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Right coronary artery
Why this is the answer
The inferior wall is usually supplied by the right coronary artery through the posterior descending artery (right-dominant circulation), so inferior infarcts are mostly RCA occlusions.
B · Right coronary artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
Why this is the answer
Vital capacity = IRV + TV + ERV. It excludes the residual volume, which always stays in the lungs.
A · Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · ACTH is suppressed and the adrenal cortex has atrophied
Why this is the answer
Exogenous glucocorticoid suppresses CRH and ACTH, so the adrenal cortex atrophies. Stopping the drug suddenly can cause an adrenal crisis, so it is tapered.
A · ACTH is suppressed and the adrenal cortex has atrophied
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · In prophase I of meiosis
Why this is the answer
In prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair and swap segments. This crossing over creates new combinations of alleles in the gametes.
C · In prophase I of meiosis
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Glucose in the kidney filtrate holds water by osmosis
Why this is the answer
When blood glucose is very high, the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose. The extra glucose in the filtrate lowers its water potential, so less water is reabsorbed and more urine is produced.
C · Glucose in the kidney filtrate holds water by osmosis
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · More product keeps forming as the equilibrium shifts to the right
Why this is the answer
Removing product lowers its concentration, so the system shifts forward (to the right) to replace it. Industry uses this to raise yields.
C · More product keeps forming as the equilibrium shifts to the right
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Steam releases a large amount of extra energy as it condenses on the skin
Why this is the answer
When steam condenses to liquid on skin, it gives off its heat of vaporisation (a large amount), and then the hot water cools further. Liquid water at the same temperature transfers only the second part.
C · Steam releases a large amount of extra energy as it condenses on the skin
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