1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which part of the brain is chiefly responsible for coordination and balance?
- AMedulla oblongata
- BThalamus
- CHypothalamus
- DCerebellum
2.Human anatomyHard
In which part of the small intestine are vitamin B12 and bile salts mainly absorbed?
- AJejunum
- BDuodenum
- CTerminal ileum
- DCaecum
3.Human physiologyMedium
How does glucagon raise blood glucose?
- AIt blocks insulin receptors on fat cells
- BIt slows glucose absorption from the gut
- CIt stimulates glucose uptake by muscle
- DIt stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiologyHard
After a head injury, a patient passes large volumes of very dilute urine and plasma sodium rises. What is the most likely cause?
- AUncontrolled diabetes mellitus
- BExcess aldosterone
- CExcess ADH release (SIADH)
- DLack of ADH release (cranial diabetes insipidus)
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which DNA bases are purines?
- AAdenine and thymine
- BCytosine and guanine
- CAdenine and guanine
- DCytosine and thymine
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why can a scientific hypothesis never be proven true with absolute certainty?
- AEvery experiment contains a mistake
- BHypotheses are only opinions and cannot be tested
- CNew evidence could always contradict it in the future
- DScientists are not allowed to reach any conclusions
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
When a nucleus emits a beta particle, how do its mass number and atomic number change?
- ABoth fall by 1
- BMass number rises by 1 and atomic number stays the same
- CMass number falls by 4 and atomic number falls by 2
- DMass number stays the same and atomic number rises by 1
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
How many atoms in total are in 0.5 mol of water, H₂O?
- A6.02 × 10²³
- B3.01 × 10²³
- C1.81 × 10²⁴
- D9.03 × 10²³
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Cerebellum
Why this is the answer
The cerebellum fine-tunes movement, posture and balance. Damage causes ataxia and an unsteady gait.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Terminal ileum
Why this is the answer
The terminal ileum absorbs vitamin B12 (bound to intrinsic factor) and reabsorbs bile salts. The duodenum mainly absorbs iron.
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
Why this is the answer
Glucagon from alpha cells acts on the liver to break down glycogen and make new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
D · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Lack of ADH release (cranial diabetes insipidus)
Why this is the answer
Without ADH the collecting ducts stay impermeable to water, so dilute urine is produced and the patient loses free water, raising plasma sodium.
D · Lack of ADH release (cranial diabetes insipidus)
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Adenine and guanine
Why this is the answer
Adenine and guanine are purines, with a double-ring structure. Cytosine, thymine and uracil are pyrimidines, with one ring. Each base pair has one purine and one pyrimidine, which keeps the helix the same width.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · New evidence could always contradict it in the future
Why this is the answer
Evidence can support a hypothesis or show it to be false, but there is always the chance of a future result that does not fit. For this reason, scientific conclusions remain open to revision.
C · New evidence could always contradict it in the future
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Mass number stays the same and atomic number rises by 1
Why this is the answer
In beta decay a neutron becomes a proton, so the atomic number rises by 1. The total of protons plus neutrons is unchanged, so the mass number stays the same.
D · Mass number stays the same and atomic number rises by 1
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 9.03 × 10²³
Why this is the answer
0.5 mol × 6.02 × 10²³ = 3.01 × 10²³ molecules. Each has 3 atoms, so 3 × 3.01 × 10²³ = 9.03 × 10²³ atoms.
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