1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which artery supplies most of the anterior wall of the left ventricle and the front of the interventricular septum?
- APosterior descending artery
- BCircumflex artery
- CLeft anterior descending artery
- DRight coronary artery
2.Human anatomyHard
Which structure passes through the inguinal canal in males?
- AGreat saphenous vein
- BObturator nerve
- CSpermatic cord
- DFemoral artery
3.Human physiologyMedium
How does glucagon raise blood glucose?
- AIt stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
- BIt stimulates glucose uptake by muscle
- CIt blocks insulin receptors on fat cells
- DIt slows glucose absorption from the gut
4.Human physiologyHard
In pernicious anaemia, autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells leads to anaemia because:
- AGastrin is lost, so the bone marrow is no longer stimulated
- BIntrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed
- CAcid is lost, so iron is never absorbed in any form
- DPepsin is lost, so haemoglobin cannot be made
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?
- AIt carries glucose molecules across the membrane into the cell
- BIt stores the cell's genetic information
- CIt forms a rigid wall around the cell
- DIt keeps membrane fluidity stable as temperature changes
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
What is the basic cause of cancer at the cellular level?
- ACells stop dividing completely and die
- BBacteria enter the nucleus and replace the cell's own DNA with theirs
- CCells lose all of their mitochondria
- DMutations in cell-cycle genes cause uncontrolled division
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which coefficients balance __Na + __Cl₂ → __NaCl?
- A2, 2, 1
- B2, 1, 2
- C1, 1, 1
- D1, 2, 1
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Which bond is the most polar?
- AC–H
- BH–H
- CCl–Cl
- DH–F
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Left anterior descending artery
Why this is the answer
The left anterior descending (anterior interventricular) artery supplies the anterior left ventricle and the anterior two thirds of the septum. Its blockage causes an anterior infarct.
C · Left anterior descending artery
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Spermatic cord
Why this is the answer
The inguinal canal carries the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament in females. The femoral vessels pass below the inguinal ligament instead.
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
Why this is the answer
Glucagon from alpha cells acts on the liver to break down glycogen and make new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
A · It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · Intrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed
Why this is the answer
Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, needed for B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis and causes megaloblastic anaemia.
B · Intrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · It keeps membrane fluidity stable as temperature changes
Why this is the answer
Cholesterol molecules between the phospholipids stop the membrane from becoming too fluid when warm or too stiff when cold. Plant cells use a cell wall for rigidity instead.
D · It keeps membrane fluidity stable as temperature changes
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Mutations in cell-cycle genes cause uncontrolled division
Why this is the answer
Mutations in genes that control growth and the cell cycle let cells divide without control, forming a tumour that may invade other tissues.
D · Mutations in cell-cycle genes cause uncontrolled division
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 2, 1, 2
Why this is the answer
Cl₂ has two Cl atoms, so 2NaCl is needed, which needs 2Na: 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl. Each side has 2 Na and 2 Cl.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · H–F
Why this is the answer
Fluorine is the most electronegative element, so the H–F bond has the largest electronegativity difference. H–H and Cl–Cl are nonpolar, and C–H is nearly nonpolar.
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