1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which is the outermost layer of the meninges?
- AChoroid plexus
- BArachnoid mater
- CDura mater
- DPia mater
2.Human anatomyHard
Which ligament of the knee prevents the tibia from sliding forward relative to the femur?
- APatellar ligament
- BPosterior cruciate ligament
- CMedial collateral ligament
- DAnterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium
Vital capacity is the sum of which lung volumes?
- AResidual volume and expiratory reserve volume
- BTidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
- CInspiratory reserve volume and residual volume
- DTidal volume and residual volume
4.Human physiologyHard
According to the length–tension relationship, why does a skeletal muscle fibre produce less force when overstretched?
- AThe muscle runs out of ATP when stretched
- BThe neuromuscular junction stops working
- CCalcium is no longer released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when stretched
- DActin and myosin overlap less, so fewer cross-bridges form
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Why can small nonpolar molecules cross the cell membrane easily while ions cannot?
- AThe membrane carries a strong positive charge
- BIons are larger than most membrane proteins
- CThe bilayer's core is made of hydrophobic tails
- DThe membrane is made mostly of long carbohydrate chains
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A man has Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). Which error most likely produced it?
- AA frameshift mutation in one of the genes on the father's Y chromosome
- BExtra mitosis in the zygote after fertilisation
- CCrossing over between chromosome 21 and the X chromosome
- DNondisjunction of the sex chromosomes during meiosis in a parent
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which is larger, a sodium atom (Na) or a sodium ion (Na⁺)?
- AThe sodium ion
- BThey are the same size
- CThe sodium atom
- DIt depends on the temperature
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Which statement correctly distinguishes a scientific law from a scientific theory?
- AA law is only a guess, while a theory is a proven fact
- BA theory becomes a law once it is proved
- CA law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens
- DLaws apply only to chemistry, theories only to biology
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Dura mater
Why this is the answer
From outside in the meninges are dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Anterior cruciate ligament
Why this is the answer
The anterior cruciate ligament limits anterior translation of the tibia; a positive anterior drawer or Lachman test suggests an ACL tear.
D · Anterior cruciate ligament
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
Why this is the answer
Vital capacity = IRV + TV + ERV. It excludes the residual volume, which always stays in the lungs.
B · Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Actin and myosin overlap less, so fewer cross-bridges form
Why this is the answer
Maximum force occurs at an optimal sarcomere length with best filament overlap. Overstretching reduces overlap; too short a length makes filaments collide.
D · Actin and myosin overlap less, so fewer cross-bridges form
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The bilayer's core is made of hydrophobic tails
Why this is the answer
The core of the membrane is formed by water-fearing (hydrophobic) fatty acid tails. Nonpolar molecules dissolve in it and pass through, but charged ions are repelled and need channel or carrier proteins.
C · The bilayer's core is made of hydrophobic tails
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes during meiosis in a parent
Why this is the answer
An extra whole chromosome usually comes from nondisjunction, when chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis. For example, an XY sperm fertilising an X egg, or an XX egg fertilised by a Y sperm, gives XXY.
D · Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes during meiosis in a parent
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The sodium atom
Why this is the answer
When Na loses its single outer electron, the whole third shell is empty, so Na⁺ (2, 8) is much smaller than Na (2, 8, 1). Positive ions are smaller than their atoms.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · A law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens
Why this is the answer
A law summarises a consistent pattern, often as a rule or equation (mass is conserved). A theory is a well-tested explanation of why (atoms are rearranged, not created). Theories do not turn into laws.
C · A law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens
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