1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Where does the spinal cord normally end in an adult?
- AAt the coccyx
- BAt about the level of T10
- CAt the level of the sacrum
- DAt about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
2.Human anatomyHard
Where does the thoracic duct usually empty its lymph into the blood?
- ARight atrium directly
- BJunction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
- CJunction of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins
- DInferior vena cava at the level of the kidneys
3.Human physiologyMedium
Where does the final activation step of vitamin D (1-alpha hydroxylation) take place?
- AKidney
- BLiver
- CSkin
- DSmall intestine
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary oedema?
- AThe right ventricle pumps less blood into the lungs
- BThe bronchial arteries become blocked
- CRaised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
- DPlasma oncotic pressure in the lungs rises sharply
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What do nitrogen-fixing bacteria do?
- AThey turn carbon dioxide into sugar
- BThey break down proteins into glucose
- CThey release nitrogen gas from dead organisms into the air
- DThey convert nitrogen gas into compounds that plants can use
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A person's body temperature starts to fall in a cold room. Which responses help bring it back up?
- AShivering and narrowing of blood vessels in the skin
- BFaster breathing and more urine production
- CSlower heart rate and less muscle activity
- DSweating and widening of blood vessels in the skin
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which type of bond holds the two atoms together in a nitrogen molecule, N₂?
- AA triple covalent bond
- BAn ionic bond
- CA single covalent bond
- DA double covalent bond
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Chlorine has two common isotopes, chlorine-35 (about 75%) and chlorine-37 (about 25%). What is its average atomic mass?
- AAbout 35.5
- BAbout 36.5
- CExactly 36
- DExactly 35
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · At about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
Why this is the answer
In adults the cord ends at the conus medullaris near L1–L2. Below that lies the cauda equina, which is why lumbar punctures are done at L3–L4 or L4–L5.
D · At about the level of vertebrae L1–L2
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
Why this is the answer
The thoracic duct drains lymph from both legs, the abdomen and the left side of the upper body into the left venous angle. The right lymphatic duct drains the rest into the right venous angle.
B · Junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Kidney
Why this is the answer
Vitamin D is made in the skin or eaten, hydroxylated in the liver, and then activated to calcitriol in the kidney. Kidney failure therefore causes vitamin D deficiency.
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
Why this is the answer
A failing left ventricle backs up pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary veins. High capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.
C · Raised left atrial pressure increases pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · They convert nitrogen gas into compounds that plants can use
Why this is the answer
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, some living in the root nodules of legumes such as peas and beans, convert N₂ gas into ammonia. Plants then use the nitrogen to make amino acids and nucleic acids.
D · They convert nitrogen gas into compounds that plants can use
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Shivering and narrowing of blood vessels in the skin
Why this is the answer
Shivering produces heat by rapid muscle contractions, and vasoconstriction in the skin reduces heat loss. Sweating and vasodilation are used when the body is too warm.
A · Shivering and narrowing of blood vessels in the skin
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · A triple covalent bond
Why this is the answer
Each N shares 3 electrons, giving three shared pairs, a triple bond. This very strong bond is why N₂ gas is so unreactive.
A · A triple covalent bond
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · About 35.5
Why this is the answer
0.75 × 35 + 0.25 × 37 = 26.25 + 9.25 = 35.5. The plain average of 35 and 37 (36) ignores the abundances.
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