1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
- APulmonary veins
- BPulmonary arteries
- CBronchial arteries
- DVenae cavae
2.Human anatomyHard
Why does a displaced fracture of the femoral neck carry a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?
- AIt cuts the main trunk of the femoral artery
- BIt tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
- CIt damages the sciatic nerve that controls blood flow
- DIt blocks the femoral vein and causes congestion
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which hormonal event triggers ovulation?
- AA surge of luteinising hormone (LH)
- BA surge of prolactin
- CA fall in oestrogen
- DA rise in progesterone from the corpus luteum
4.Human physiologyHard
After a head injury, a patient passes large volumes of very dilute urine and plasma sodium rises. What is the most likely cause?
- AExcess ADH release (SIADH)
- BUncontrolled diabetes mellitus
- CLack of ADH release (cranial diabetes insipidus)
- DExcess aldosterone
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which statement describes active transport?
- AIt uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
- BIt happens only in dead cells
- CIt moves only water across the membrane
- DIt moves substances down their concentration gradient without using any energy
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A man with an X-linked recessive disorder (XʰY) has children with a woman who has two normal alleles (XᴴXᴴ). What is expected among their children?
- AAll daughters are carriers, and no sons are affected
- BAll sons are affected, and no daughters are carriers
- CHalf of the sons and half of the daughters are affected
- DAll daughters are affected, and all sons are carriers
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
The amino acid glycine has an –NH₂ group and a –COOH group. What are these two groups called?
- AA carbonyl group and an ester group
- BA hydroxyl group and a methyl group
- CA phosphate group and a hydroxyl group
- DAn amino group and a carboxyl group
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
What is the oxidation number of manganese in potassium permanganate, KMnO₄?
- A+7
- B+1
- C−1
- D+4
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Pulmonary veins
Why this is the answer
Four pulmonary veins drain oxygenated blood into the left atrium. They are the main exception to the rule that veins carry deoxygenated blood.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
Why this is the answer
The femoral head is supplied mainly by retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery running along the neck. A displaced neck fracture tears them and the head can die.
B · It tears the retinacular branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · A surge of luteinising hormone (LH)
Why this is the answer
Rising oestrogen from the dominant follicle triggers an LH surge from the anterior pituitary, which causes ovulation about a day later.
A · A surge of luteinising hormone (LH)
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · Lack of ADH release (cranial diabetes insipidus)
Why this is the answer
Without ADH the collecting ducts stay impermeable to water, so dilute urine is produced and the patient loses free water, raising plasma sodium.
C · Lack of ADH release (cranial diabetes insipidus)
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · It uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
Why this is the answer
Active transport uses ATP and carrier proteins (pumps) to move substances from low to high concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are passive.
A · It uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · All daughters are carriers, and no sons are affected
Why this is the answer
Every daughter gets the father's Xʰ and the mother's Xᴴ, so all daughters are carriers. Every son gets the father's Y and the mother's Xᴴ, so sons are unaffected.
A · All daughters are carriers, and no sons are affected
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · An amino group and a carboxyl group
Why this is the answer
Every amino acid has an amino group (–NH₂, basic) and a carboxyl group (–COOH, acidic). These two groups react to form peptide bonds.
D · An amino group and a carboxyl group
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · +7
Why this is the answer
(+1) + Mn + 4(−2) = 0, so 1 + Mn − 8 = 0 and Mn = +7. Permanganate is a strong oxidising agent.
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