1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which cranial nerve supplies the lateral rectus muscle of the eye?
- AOculomotor nerve (III)
- BTrochlear nerve (IV)
- COptic nerve (II)
- DAbducens nerve (VI)
2.Human anatomyHard
An indirect inguinal hernia enters the inguinal canal at which point?
- ABelow the inguinal ligament, through the femoral canal
- BThrough the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
- CThrough the posterior wall of the canal, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
- DThrough the superficial ring only, without entering the canal
3.Human physiologyMedium
Where does the final activation step of vitamin D (1-alpha hydroxylation) take place?
- AKidney
- BSmall intestine
- CLiver
- DSkin
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin?
- AIt binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
- BFetal blood has a higher pH
- CIt contains more iron per haem
- DIt has five subunits instead of four
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
The results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis. What should the scientist do next?
- AChange the data so they fit the hypothesis
- BStop doing any further research on the question
- CReport that the hypothesis was proven correct
- DRevise the hypothesis and test it again
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Sweating cools the body. Which property of water best explains this?
- AIt is less dense as ice than as a liquid
- BIt takes a lot of heat energy to evaporate
- CIt has a very low specific heat
- DIt is a nonpolar solvent
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Nitrogen is in group 15 of the periodic table. How many valence electrons does a nitrogen atom have?
- A15
- B7
- C3
- D5
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Why is it easier to remove the outer electron from a potassium atom than from a lithium atom?
- ALithium has more electron shells than potassium
- BPotassium's outer electron is in a full shell
- CPotassium has fewer protons, so its nucleus pulls much more weakly on every electron
- DPotassium's outer electron is farther from the nucleus and more shielded by inner electrons
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Abducens nerve (VI)
Why this is the answer
The abducens nerve (VI) supplies lateral rectus. A lesion stops the eye moving outwards and causes horizontal double vision.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
Why this is the answer
An indirect hernia passes through the deep ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels, and runs along the canal. A direct hernia pushes through the posterior wall medial to them.
B · Through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Kidney
Why this is the answer
Vitamin D is made in the skin or eaten, hydroxylated in the liver, and then activated to calcitriol in the kidney. Kidney failure therefore causes vitamin D deficiency.
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · It binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
Why this is the answer
The gamma chains of HbF bind 2,3-BPG poorly, so the curve is shifted left. This lets fetal blood take oxygen from maternal blood in the placenta.
A · It binds 2,3-BPG less strongly
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Revise the hypothesis and test it again
Why this is the answer
Results that do not support a hypothesis are reported honestly. The scientist then revises the hypothesis or forms a new one and designs further tests.
D · Revise the hypothesis and test it again
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · It takes a lot of heat energy to evaporate
Why this is the answer
Water has a high heat of vaporisation, so evaporating sweat removes a large amount of heat from the skin. Its high specific heat also helps keep body temperature steady.
B · It takes a lot of heat energy to evaporate
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 5
Why this is the answer
Group 15 elements have 5 valence electrons (nitrogen: 2, 5). Nitrogen usually gains or shares 3 electrons to complete its outer shell.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Potassium's outer electron is farther from the nucleus and more shielded by inner electrons
Why this is the answer
Potassium (2, 8, 8, 1) has its outer electron in the fourth shell, while lithium (2, 1) has it in the second. Greater distance and more inner-electron shielding outweigh potassium's larger nuclear charge, so its ionisation energy is lower.
D · Potassium's outer electron is farther from the nucleus and more shielded by inner electrons
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