1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which two regions of the adult spine normally show a lordosis (curve concave towards the back)?
- ACervical and lumbar
- BThoracic and sacral
- CThoracic and lumbar
- DCervical and thoracic
2.Human anatomyHard
Early appendicitis is often felt as vague pain around the umbilicus. Why?
- AIts visceral nerves enter the cord at T10, like the umbilical skin
- BThe phrenic nerve carries the pain to the umbilicus
- CInflammation spreads first to the abdominal wall at the navel region
- DThe appendix lies directly behind the umbilicus
3.Human physiologyMedium
Besides lowering glucose, insulin moves which ion into cells, an effect used to treat hyperkalaemia?
- AChloride
- BSodium
- CPotassium
- DCalcium
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does ketoacidosis typically develop in untreated type 1 diabetes but rarely in type 2?
- AEven low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
- BType 2 patients cannot make ketones at all
- CKetones are only made in children
- DType 1 patients have more glucagon receptors
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What happens to an enzyme after it has catalysed a reaction?
- AIt changes into the substrate
- BIt is released unchanged and can be used again
- CIt is broken down into amino acids
- DIt becomes part of the product and leaves with it
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Which statement correctly compares mitosis and meiosis?
- ABoth give gametes with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, for reproduction
- BMeiosis has two divisions and gives four genetically different haploid cells
- CMeiosis gives two cells identical to the parent
- DMitosis has two divisions and gives four identical cells
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
According to the kinetic molecular theory, what does temperature measure?
- AThe average kinetic energy of the particles
- BThe mass of each particle
- CThe size of the container
- DThe total number of particles
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Na⁺, Mg²⁺, F⁻ and O²⁻ all have 10 electrons. Which ion is the largest?
- AMg²⁺
- BNa⁺
- CO²⁻
- DF⁻
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Cervical and lumbar
Why this is the answer
The cervical and lumbar regions are lordotic (secondary curves). The thoracic and sacral regions are kyphotic (primary curves).
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Its visceral nerves enter the cord at T10, like the umbilical skin
Why this is the answer
Visceral pain from midgut structures is referred to the T10 dermatome around the umbilicus. When the parietal peritoneum becomes inflamed, pain localises to the right iliac fossa.
A · Its visceral nerves enter the cord at T10, like the umbilical skin
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Potassium
Why this is the answer
Insulin stimulates the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and shifts potassium into cells. Insulin with glucose is therefore used to lower dangerously high plasma potassium.
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
Why this is the answer
Insulin strongly inhibits lipolysis and hepatic ketone production. In type 1 there is almost no insulin, so fatty acids flood the liver and ketones build up.
A · Even low insulin levels suppress lipolysis and ketogenesis
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · It is released unchanged and can be used again
Why this is the answer
Enzymes are catalysts. The product leaves the active site, and the enzyme is free to bind another substrate molecule, so a small amount of enzyme can act on many molecules.
B · It is released unchanged and can be used again
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Meiosis has two divisions and gives four genetically different haploid cells
Why this is the answer
Mitosis: one division, two identical diploid cells. Meiosis: two divisions, four haploid cells made different by crossing over and independent assortment.
B · Meiosis has two divisions and gives four genetically different haploid cells
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · The average kinetic energy of the particles
Why this is the answer
Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles. Absolute zero is where this motion would be at its minimum.
A · The average kinetic energy of the particles
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · O²⁻
Why this is the answer
With the same 10 electrons, the ion with the fewest protons holds them least tightly. O²⁻ has only 8 protons, so it is largest; Mg²⁺ with 12 protons is smallest.
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