1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which structure is the main bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
- AFornix
- BCerebral peduncle
- CCorpus callosum
- DInternal capsule
2.Human anatomyHard
Which muscle "unlocks" the fully extended knee by rotating the femur laterally on the tibia at the start of flexion?
- AGastrocnemius
- BBiceps femoris
- CPopliteus
- DSartorius
3.Human physiologyMedium
Why do myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated ones?
- AMyelin releases neurotransmitter along the axon
- BMyelin contains more sodium channels
- CMyelin makes the axon thinner
- DThe impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does breathing 100% oxygen correct hypoxaemia from a true right-to-left shunt only poorly?
- APure oxygen damages haemoglobin
- BThe extra oxygen is all exhaled as CO₂
- CShunted blood is already fully saturated
- DThe shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) are crossed. What is the expected genotype ratio?
- A2 AA : 1 Aa : 1 aa
- B1 AA : 1 aa
- C3 AA : 1 aa
- D1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A linear DNA molecule is fully cut by a restriction enzyme, giving fragments of 500, 300 and 200 base pairs. How long was the original molecule?
- A1500 base pairs
- B300 base pairs
- C1000 base pairs
- D500 base pairs
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Water can act as an acid in some reactions and as a base in others. What is such a substance called?
- AIsotonic
- BNeutral
- CSaturated
- DAmphoteric
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
What type of bonding is found in a piece of copper wire?
- ACovalent bonding with shared pairs between two atoms only
- BMetallic bonding: ions in a sea of electrons
- CIonic bonding between copper and chloride ions
- DHydrogen bonding between copper atoms
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Corpus callosum
Why this is the answer
The corpus callosum is the largest commissure, linking matching areas of the two hemispheres. The internal capsule carries projection fibres up and down instead.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Popliteus
Why this is the answer
At full extension the knee locks by medial rotation of the femur. Popliteus laterally rotates the femur on the fixed tibia to unlock it so flexion can begin.
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · The impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier
Why this is the answer
Myelin insulates the axon, so action potentials are only generated at the nodes of Ranvier. This saltatory conduction is much faster.
D · The impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
Why this is the answer
Shunted blood bypasses ventilated alveoli and mixes deoxygenated blood into arterial blood. Extra inspired oxygen cannot reach it, unlike in V/Q mismatch or hypoventilation.
D · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
Why this is the answer
The square gives AA, Aa, aA and aa, which is 1 : 2 : 1. The phenotype ratio is 3 dominant : 1 recessive.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · 1000 base pairs
Why this is the answer
The fragments together make up the whole molecule: 500 + 300 + 200 = 1000 base pairs. The three fragments also show that there were two cutting sites.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · Amphoteric
Why this is the answer
An amphoteric substance can both donate and accept protons. Water gives up H⁺ when reacting with bases (such as NH₃) and accepts H⁺ when reacting with acids (such as HCl).
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Metallic bonding: ions in a sea of electrons
Why this is the answer
In metallic bonding, valence electrons are delocalised among a lattice of metal cations. The free electrons carry current and let the metal bend without breaking.
B · Metallic bonding: ions in a sea of electrons
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