1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of which two veins?
- AInferior vena cava and renal vein
- BSuperior mesenteric vein and left renal vein
- CSuperior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
- DHepatic vein and splenic vein
2.Human anatomyHard
During a lumbar puncture, which ligament is the last one pierced before the needle enters the epidural space?
- APosterior longitudinal ligament
- BSupraspinous ligament
- CLigamentum flavum
- DInterspinous ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium
The Frank–Starling mechanism describes that:
- AHeart rate rises when arterial blood pressure falls suddenly
- BStroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
- CContractility falls when temperature rises
- DThe atria contract after the ventricles
4.Human physiologyHard
A pulmonary embolus blocks blood flow to a well-ventilated region of lung. How does the ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) ratio of that region change?
- AIt stays normal because ventilation falls too
- BIt becomes low, like in pneumonia
- CIt becomes zero, acting as a shunt
- DIt becomes very high, acting as dead space
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Sickle cell disease is caused by a single base change that replaces one amino acid in haemoglobin. What type of mutation is this?
- AA silent mutation
- BA frameshift mutation
- CA missense mutation
- DA nonsense mutation
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A point mutation changes the codon GAA to GAG, and both code for glutamic acid. What kind of mutation is this?
- AA silent mutation
- BA chromosomal deletion
- CA nonsense mutation
- DA frameshift mutation
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
You dilute 100 mL of a 2 M solution to a total volume of 400 mL. What is the new concentration?
- A2 M
- B8 M
- C1 M
- D0.5 M
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Which statement correctly distinguishes a scientific law from a scientific theory?
- AA law is only a guess, while a theory is a proven fact
- BA law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens
- CLaws apply only to chemistry, theories only to biology
- DA theory becomes a law once it is proved
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
Why this is the answer
The portal vein forms behind the neck of the pancreas from the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. It carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver.
C · Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Ligamentum flavum
Why this is the answer
The needle passes skin, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, then ligamentum flavum into the epidural space, then dura and arachnoid into the subarachnoid space.
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
Why this is the answer
Greater end-diastolic volume stretches the myocardium, which increases the force of contraction and the stroke volume, matching output to venous return.
B · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · It becomes very high, acting as dead space
Why this is the answer
Ventilation without perfusion gives a very high V/Q ratio (dead space). A shunt, such as in pneumonia, is the opposite: perfusion without ventilation.
D · It becomes very high, acting as dead space
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · A missense mutation
Why this is the answer
A substitution that changes one amino acid is a missense mutation. In sickle cell disease, glutamic acid is replaced by valine, which makes haemoglobin molecules stick together at low oxygen levels.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · A silent mutation
Why this is the answer
Because several codons code for the same amino acid, some base changes do not alter the protein. These are silent mutations.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 0.5 M
Why this is the answer
The moles of solute stay the same: 2 × 100 = C₂ × 400, so C₂ = 0.5 M. Diluting four times lowers the concentration four times.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · A law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens
Why this is the answer
A law summarises a consistent pattern, often as a rule or equation (mass is conserved). A theory is a well-tested explanation of why (atoms are rearranged, not created). Theories do not turn into laws.
B · A law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens
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