1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
The sympathetic nervous system leaves the central nervous system from which spinal segments?
- AThoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
- BSacral only (S2–S4)
- CCranial and sacral
- DCervical only
2.Human anatomyHard
An indirect inguinal hernia enters the inguinal canal at which point?
- AThrough the superficial ring only, without entering the canal
- BThrough the posterior wall of the canal, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
- CThrough the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
- DBelow the inguinal ligament, through the femoral canal
3.Human physiologyMedium
What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?
- AAtrial depolarisation
- BVentricular depolarisation
- CAtrial repolarisation
- DVentricular repolarisation
4.Human physiologyHard
Which transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is key to building the medullary concentration gradient?
- AAquaporin-2 water channels
- BThe Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
- CThe sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT2)
- DThe epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A patient's blood type is B positive. What does this mean?
- ATheir red cells carry no antigens at all
- BTheir red cells carry the B antigen and the RhD antigen
- CTheir red cells carry the A antigen and no RhD antigen
- DTheir plasma contains anti-B antibodies
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Which evidence supports the theory that mitochondria came from bacteria that lived inside an ancient cell?
- AThey make the proteins used by the whole cell, including the nucleus
- BThey have their own circular DNA, ribosomes and a double membrane
- CThey have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
- DThey are found in all prokaryotic cells
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is the molar mass of water (H = 1 g/mol, O = 16 g/mol)?
- A17 g/mol
- B18 g/mol
- C32 g/mol
- D10 g/mol
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
An ion has 12 protons and 10 electrons. What is it?
- AMg²⁻
- BNa⁺
- CMg²⁺
- DNe
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
Why this is the answer
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons lie in the lateral horn from T1 to L2. The parasympathetic system has a craniosacral outflow.
A · Thoracic and upper lumbar (T1–L2)
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
Why this is the answer
An indirect hernia passes through the deep ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels, and runs along the canal. A direct hernia pushes through the posterior wall medial to them.
C · Through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Ventricular depolarisation
Why this is the answer
The P wave is atrial depolarisation, the QRS complex ventricular depolarisation and the T wave ventricular repolarisation. Atrial repolarisation is hidden in the QRS.
B · Ventricular depolarisation
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
Why this is the answer
NKCC2 moves Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ out of the tubule into the interstitium without water, building the medullary gradient. Loop diuretics such as furosemide block it.
B · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Their red cells carry the B antigen and the RhD antigen
Why this is the answer
Type B means the B antigen is on the red cells (and anti-A antibodies are in the plasma). Positive means the RhD antigen is also present.
B · Their red cells carry the B antigen and the RhD antigen
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · They have their own circular DNA, ribosomes and a double membrane
Why this is the answer
The endosymbiotic theory is supported by mitochondria having circular DNA, bacteria-like ribosomes, a double membrane and division by a process like binary fission. Chloroplasts show the same features.
B · They have their own circular DNA, ribosomes and a double membrane
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 18 g/mol
Why this is the answer
2 × 1 + 16 = 18 g/mol. Forgetting the second hydrogen gives 17.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Mg²⁺
Why this is the answer
Element 12 is magnesium. It has two more protons than electrons, so the charge is 2+: Mg²⁺. A neon atom also has 10 electrons, but it has 10 protons too, so it is neutral, not an ion.
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