1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
The circle of Willis at the base of the brain connects which two arterial supplies?
- AExternal carotid and subclavian arterial systems
- BLeft and right external carotid arteries
- CJugular and vertebral systems
- DInternal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomyHard
Which coronary artery most often supplies the sinoatrial (SA) node?
- ARight coronary artery
- BCircumflex artery
- CLeft anterior descending artery
- DLeft main coronary artery
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which protein forms the mesh that stabilises a blood clot?
- AAlbumin
- BFibrin
- CCollagen
- DThrombin
4.Human physiologyHard
A patient's arterial blood gas shows pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 7.8 kPa (59 mmHg) and normal bicarbonate. What is the most likely disturbance?
- AMetabolic acidosis
- BRespiratory alkalosis
- CCompensated metabolic alkalosis
- DAcute respiratory acidosis
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which kind of mutation can be passed on to a person's children?
- AA mutation in a white blood cell during infection
- BA mutation in a skin cell caused by sunlight
- CA mutation in a cell that forms eggs or sperm
- DA mutation in a liver cell caused by alcohol
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A plant that is AaBb is crossed with an aabb plant. The genes assort independently. What phenotype ratio is expected among the offspring?
- A1 : 2 : 1
- B1 : 1 : 1 : 1
- C9 : 3 : 3 : 1
- D3 : 1
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
When the diaphragm contracts and the chest cavity gets bigger, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?
- AIt falls, so air flows in
- BIt falls, so air flows out
- CIt does not change
- DIt rises, so air flows in
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Diamond is extremely hard and has a very high melting point. Which explanation is correct?
- AEach carbon is covalently bonded to four others in a giant network
- BIt is held together by ionic bonds between C⁺ and C⁻ ions
- CIt is made of separate small molecules with strong forces between them
- DIt contains delocalised electrons like a metal
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
Why this is the answer
The circle of Willis links the internal carotid arteries with the basilar artery (formed by the vertebral arteries), allowing some collateral flow.
D · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Right coronary artery
Why this is the answer
The SA nodal artery arises from the right coronary artery in roughly 60% of people and from the circumflex artery in the rest.
A · Right coronary artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Fibrin
Why this is the answer
Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands, which bind the platelet plug and trap red cells to form a stable clot.
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Acute respiratory acidosis
Why this is the answer
Low pH with high CO₂ points to a respiratory acidosis. Bicarbonate has not risen yet, so the kidneys have not compensated: it is acute.
D · Acute respiratory acidosis
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · A mutation in a cell that forms eggs or sperm
Why this is the answer
Germline mutations, in cells that form gametes, can be inherited. Somatic mutations in body cells, such as UV damage in skin, affect only that person and may cause cancer, but are not passed to children.
C · A mutation in a cell that forms eggs or sperm
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
Why this is the answer
The AaBb plant makes AB, Ab, aB and ab gametes in equal numbers. Each joins with ab, giving four phenotypes in equal proportions.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · It falls, so air flows in
Why this is the answer
At constant temperature, a larger volume means a lower pressure. The pressure inside the lungs falls below atmospheric pressure, so air moves in. This is inhalation.
A · It falls, so air flows in
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Each carbon is covalently bonded to four others in a giant network
Why this is the answer
Diamond is a giant covalent (network) structure. Melting it means breaking a huge number of strong covalent bonds, not just weak forces between molecules, so its melting point is very high.
A · Each carbon is covalently bonded to four others in a giant network
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