1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which part of the adrenal gland secretes adrenaline?
- AAdrenal medulla
- BZona reticularis
- CZona glomerulosa
- DZona fasciculata
2.Human anatomyHard
After a difficult delivery with traction on the neck, a baby's arm hangs by the side, internally rotated with the forearm pronated ("waiter's tip"). Which part of the brachial plexus is injured?
- ALower trunk (C8–T1)
- BUpper trunk (C5–C6)
- CMedial cord
- DPosterior cord
3.Human physiologyMedium
What is the main effect of aldosterone on the kidney?
- AIncreased filtration in the glomerulus
- BWater reabsorption by inserting aquaporins only
- CSodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
- DGlucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule
4.Human physiologyHard
A patient's arterial blood gas shows pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 7.8 kPa (59 mmHg) and normal bicarbonate. What is the most likely disturbance?
- ACompensated metabolic alkalosis
- BMetabolic acidosis
- CRespiratory alkalosis
- DAcute respiratory acidosis
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A patient's heart rate is measured four times: 70, 72, 74 and 80 beats per minute. What is the mean?
- A73 beats per minute
- B80 beats per minute
- C74 beats per minute
- D72 beats per minute
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
A restriction enzyme cuts at three sites in a linear piece of DNA. How many fragments are produced?
- A3
- B6
- C2
- D4
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Uranium-235 and uranium-238 both have 92 protons. How many more neutrons does an atom of uranium-238 have?
- A3
- B146
- C0
- D92
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
What type of bonding is found in a piece of copper wire?
- AHydrogen bonding between copper atoms
- BMetallic bonding: ions in a sea of electrons
- CIonic bonding between copper and chloride ions
- DCovalent bonding with shared pairs between two atoms only
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Adrenal medulla
Why this is the answer
The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to sympathetic stimulation. The three zones of the cortex make steroid hormones.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Upper trunk (C5–C6)
Why this is the answer
Erb's palsy follows stretching of the upper trunk (C5–C6), paralysing deltoid, the external rotators and biceps. Lower trunk injury (Klumpke's) affects the small hand muscles instead.
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
Why this is the answer
Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct to increase Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion. Water follows the sodium, raising blood volume.
C · Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Acute respiratory acidosis
Why this is the answer
Low pH with high CO₂ points to a respiratory acidosis. Bicarbonate has not risen yet, so the kidneys have not compensated: it is acute.
D · Acute respiratory acidosis
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · 74 beats per minute
Why this is the answer
70 + 72 + 74 + 80 = 296, and 296 ÷ 4 = 74 beats per minute.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 4
Why this is the answer
A linear molecule cut at n sites gives n + 1 pieces, so three cuts give 4 fragments. A circular plasmid cut at three sites would give only 3.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · 3
Why this is the answer
Both isotopes have 92 protons, so the 3-unit difference in mass number is all neutrons: U-235 has 143 and U-238 has 146.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Metallic bonding: ions in a sea of electrons
Why this is the answer
In metallic bonding, valence electrons are delocalised among a lattice of metal cations. The free electrons carry current and let the metal bend without breaking.
B · Metallic bonding: ions in a sea of electrons
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