1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which structure is the main bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
- AFornix
- BInternal capsule
- CCerebral peduncle
- DCorpus callosum
2.Human anatomyHard
Which coronary artery most often supplies the sinoatrial (SA) node?
- ACircumflex artery
- BLeft anterior descending artery
- CLeft main coronary artery
- DRight coronary artery
3.Human physiologyMedium
Vital capacity is the sum of which lung volumes?
- AInspiratory reserve volume and residual volume
- BTidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
- CResidual volume and expiratory reserve volume
- DTidal volume and residual volume
4.Human physiologyHard
A patient with small-cell lung cancer has low plasma sodium and low plasma osmolality but inappropriately concentrated urine. What is the most likely explanation?
- AAddison's disease with high aldosterone
- BSyndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
- CPrimary hyperaldosteronism
- DCranial diabetes insipidus
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP?
- AFermentation
- BGlycolysis in the cytoplasm
- CThe electron transport chain
- DThe Krebs cycle in the matrix
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why are organ transplant patients usually given drugs that suppress the immune system?
- ATheir immune system would recognise the donor cells as foreign
- BThe drugs change the donor organ's DNA so that it matches the patient
- CThe donor organ contains bacteria that must be killed
- DThe drugs help the new organ to grow larger
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is nuclear fission?
- AThe burning of uranium in oxygen
- BThe joining of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
- CThe loss of electrons from an atom
- DThe splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Many ethene (C₂H₄) molecules join together to form poly(ethene), a plastic. What type of reaction is this?
- AAddition polymerisation, in which the C=C double bonds open up to link the monomers
- BCombustion, in which ethene reacts with oxygen
- CHydrolysis, in which water breaks each monomer apart
- DCondensation polymerisation, in which a water molecule is released at each new link
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Corpus callosum
Why this is the answer
The corpus callosum is the largest commissure, linking matching areas of the two hemispheres. The internal capsule carries projection fibres up and down instead.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Right coronary artery
Why this is the answer
The SA nodal artery arises from the right coronary artery in roughly 60% of people and from the circumflex artery in the rest.
D · Right coronary artery
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
Why this is the answer
Vital capacity = IRV + TV + ERV. It excludes the residual volume, which always stays in the lungs.
B · Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
Why this is the answer
In SIADH excess ADH makes the kidneys retain water, diluting the plasma while urine stays concentrated. Small-cell lung cancer can secrete ADH.
B · Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The electron transport chain
Why this is the answer
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle make only a few ATP each. Most ATP is made in the electron transport chain, where energy from electrons drives ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C · The electron transport chain
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Their immune system would recognise the donor cells as foreign
Why this is the answer
Cells display surface proteins (antigens) that differ between people. The recipient's immune system can attack an organ with foreign antigens, causing rejection, so immunosuppressants are used to reduce this.
A · Their immune system would recognise the donor cells as foreign
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · The splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei
Why this is the answer
In fission, a heavy nucleus such as uranium-235 absorbs a neutron and splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing neutrons and a large amount of energy.
D · The splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Addition polymerisation, in which the C=C double bonds open up to link the monomers
Why this is the answer
In addition polymerisation, the C=C double bond in each monomer opens and the monomers join into a long chain with nothing else formed. Condensation polymers, such as proteins, release water.
A · Addition polymerisation, in which the C=C double bonds open up to link the monomers
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