Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

What is the main aim of purposeful hourly rounding?

  1. ATo count the patient’s medications every hour and check that none are missing
  2. BTo wake the patient every hour to check orientation
  3. CTo replace the need for a call light
  4. DTo check pain, toileting, position and personal items before the patient needs to ask
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

A patient with dementia is often found at the exit doors trying to leave the unit. Which measure is most appropriate?

  1. AKeep the patient in a chair with a vest restraint
  2. BLock the patient alone in a single room so that they cannot reach the exit doors
  3. CGive a sedative each time the patient goes to the door
  4. DUse an electronic wander alert, supervise closely and offer meaningful activity
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

When giving several medicines through a feeding tube, what is correct?

  1. ACrush every tablet, including modified-release ones
  2. BMix them all together in the feed so they are given at the same time
  3. CGive each medicine separately and flush with water between them
  4. DGive them without flushing to save time
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

An older woman has been lying on the floor at home all night after a fall. Which complications should the nurse look for in particular?

  1. ASunburn and dehydration from sweating
  2. BHair loss and nail damage
  3. CHigh blood sugar and a raised temperature from lying still
  4. DPressure damage, hypothermia and muscle breakdown
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Uji laboratorium mana yang membedakan Staphylococcus aureus dari sebagian besar stafilokokus lain?

  1. APewarnaan tahan asam
  2. BUji katalase
  3. CPewarnaan Gram
  4. DUji koagulase
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Proses manakah yang dapat menghasilkan subtipe influenza A yang sama sekali baru dan menyebabkan pandemi?

  1. AAntigenic drift melalui akumulasi bertahap mutasi titik
  2. BAntigenic shift melalui penataan ulang (reassortment) segmen gen
  3. CKonversi lisogenik oleh bakteriofag
  4. DTransformasi dengan DNA bebas

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · To check pain, toileting, position and personal items before the patient needs to ask

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Regular, planned rounding that addresses pain, toileting, positioning and possessions within reach reduces falls and call-light use. The call light stays within reach as well.

Jawaban

D · To check pain, toileting, position and personal items before the patient needs to ask
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · Use an electronic wander alert, supervise closely and offer meaningful activity

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Wander alert systems, close supervision, orientation and activity reduce the risk of elopement without restricting the patient. Seclusion, restraints and sedation used for convenience are not appropriate.

Jawaban

D · Use an electronic wander alert, supervise closely and offer meaningful activity
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: C · Give each medicine separately and flush with water between them

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Each drug is prepared and given separately, with water flushes before, between and after, to prevent tube blockage and drug interactions. A pharmacist advises on suitable forms.

Jawaban

C · Give each medicine separately and flush with water between them
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: D · Pressure damage, hypothermia and muscle breakdown

Mengapa ini jawabannya

A long lie causes pressure injury, hypothermia, dehydration and rhabdomyolysis, which can damage the kidneys. The patient is assessed carefully for these as well as for fractures.

Jawaban

D · Pressure damage, hypothermia and muscle breakdown
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: D · Uji koagulase

Mengapa ini jawabannya

S. aureus menghasilkan koagulase, yang mengubah fibrinogen menjadi fibrin. Semua stafilokokus Gram-positif dan katalase-positif, sehingga uji tersebut tidak membedakannya.

Jawaban

D · Uji koagulase
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: B · Antigenic shift melalui penataan ulang (reassortment) segmen gen

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Ketika dua virus influenza A yang berbeda menginfeksi sel yang sama, segmennya dapat bercampur sehingga menghasilkan kombinasi hemaglutinin atau neuraminidase baru. Hanya sedikit orang yang kebal, sehingga pandemi dapat terjadi. Drift menyebabkan perubahan tahunan yang lebih kecil.

Jawaban

B · Antigenic shift melalui penataan ulang (reassortment) segmen gen

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