Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

Which patient has the highest risk of a burn from a heating pad?

  1. AA patient recovering from a cold
  2. BA healthy young adult with a strained muscle
  3. CA patient with a sprained wrist who is fully alert
  4. DA patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

Before the wound is closed, the sponge count does not match the starting count. What should happen?

  1. AAssume that the first count was wrong and continue
  2. BTell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found
  3. CClose the wound to avoid a long anesthetic and recount the sponges after surgery
  4. DChange the count on the record so that it matches, then close the wound as planned
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

What is medicines reconciliation on admission?

  1. ACounting the tablets in the ward drug trolley at the start of each shift
  2. BGetting an accurate list of the medicines taken before admission
  3. CChanging all the patient's medicines to hospital brands
  4. DOrdering new stock from the pharmacy
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

A small fire starts in a patient's room. What is the first action?

  1. ATry to put out the fire with water
  2. BOpen the windows to let out the smoke
  3. CGo and find the fire safety officer to ask what should be done
  4. DMove the patient away from immediate danger
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Infeksi apa yang merupakan komplikasi khas penggunaan antibiotik spektrum luas dan menyebabkan diare berat?

  1. AInfeksi Salmonella
  2. BHepatitis A
  3. CInfeksi Clostridioides difficile
  4. DInfeksi Helicobacter pylori
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Seorang pasien yang mengonsumsi obat imunosupresan dosis tinggi setelah transplantasi akan divaksinasi. Jenis vaksin mana yang umumnya dihindari?

  1. AVaksin subunit
  2. BVaksin virus utuh yang diinaktivasi
  3. CVaksin hidup yang dilemahkan
  4. DVaksin toksoid

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Reduced sensation, as in peripheral neuropathy, prevents a person from feeling heat damage. Patients with poor sensation, poor circulation or confusion need very close monitoring if heat is used at all.

Jawaban

D · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: B · Tell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found

Mengapa ini jawabannya

A count discrepancy is reported to the whole team at once. Closure waits while the field, wound and room are searched, and an x-ray is taken per policy if the item is still missing.

Jawaban

B · Tell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: B · Getting an accurate list of the medicines taken before admission

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Medicines reconciliation compares the patient's own medicines with what is prescribed in hospital, using several sources, so that changes are intended and errors are avoided.

Jawaban

B · Getting an accurate list of the medicines taken before admission
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: D · Move the patient away from immediate danger

Mengapa ini jawabannya

The first priority is to rescue anyone in immediate danger, then raise the alarm, contain the fire by closing doors and only then try to extinguish it if safe. Opening windows feeds a fire with oxygen.

Jawaban

D · Move the patient away from immediate danger
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: C · Infeksi Clostridioides difficile

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Antibiotik membunuh bakteri usus normal sehingga C. difficile penghasil toksin tumbuh berlebihan. Sporanya tidak mati oleh gel alkohol, jadi perlu mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air.

Jawaban

C · Infeksi Clostridioides difficile
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: C · Vaksin hidup yang dilemahkan

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Vaksin hidup mengandung organisme yang dilemahkan yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit ketika sistem imun sangat tertekan. Vaksin inaktif, toksoid, dan subunit aman, meskipun responsnya mungkin lebih lemah.

Jawaban

C · Vaksin hidup yang dilemahkan

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