Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

A family member tells the nurse, “My father is not himself. Something is wrong.” The hospital has a family-activated rapid response system. What is correct?

  1. AOnly doctors may call the rapid response team
  2. BThe family must wait for the next scheduled ward round to raise the concern with a doctor
  3. CThe family should call emergency services from outside the hospital
  4. DThe family can call the rapid response team if they are worried and staff have not responded
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

According to the “Swiss cheese” model of error, why do errors reach patients?

  1. APatients often do not follow their care instructions
  2. BTechnology fails more often than people do
  3. COne careless person makes a mistake that no system could stop
  4. DWeaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

How should the opening of a stoma bag be cut?

  1. AIn any shape, as long as the bag sticks
  2. BTo fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
  3. CSmaller than the stoma so it grips it tightly
  4. DMuch larger than the stoma so that the edge never rubs against it
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

A nurse realises that a dose of analgesia given two hours ago was not documented. What is correct?

  1. AWrite it now as a late entry, stating when it was given
  2. BWrite it in the space for two hours ago as if it was recorded then
  3. CAsk a colleague to sign that they gave it
  4. DLeave it out, as it is now too late to record it in the notes
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Uji laboratorium mana yang membedakan Staphylococcus aureus dari sebagian besar stafilokokus lain?

  1. APewarnaan Gram
  2. BUji koagulase
  3. CUji katalase
  4. DPewarnaan tahan asam
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Bagaimana HPV tipe risiko tinggi berperan dalam kanker serviks?

  1. AProtein virus E6 dan E7 menginaktifkan penekan tumor p53 dan Rb
  2. BVirus membunuh sel begitu cepat sehingga digantikan sel kanker
  3. CVirus menghancurkan sel T CD4 di serviks
  4. DVirus menghasilkan endotoksin yang merusak DNA

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · The family can call the rapid response team if they are worried and staff have not responded

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Family-activated rapid response systems allow patients and families to call for help directly when they notice a worrying change. The nurse should also take the concern seriously and assess the patient.

Jawaban

D · The family can call the rapid response team if they are worried and staff have not responded
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Reason’s Swiss cheese model shows that each safety layer, such as prescribing, dispensing, checking and scanning, has weaknesses. Harm happens when the holes in several layers line up, so safety improvement focuses on strengthening the system.

Jawaban

D · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: B · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it

Mengapa ini jawabannya

The opening should fit snugly so stoma output does not reach the skin, but not so tight that it damages the stoma. Stomas shrink in the weeks after surgery, so the size is re-measured.

Jawaban

B · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: A · Write it now as a late entry, stating when it was given

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Late entries are clearly marked as such, showing both when care was given and when the note was written. This keeps the record accurate and prevents a second dose being given.

Jawaban

A · Write it now as a late entry, stating when it was given
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: B · Uji koagulase

Mengapa ini jawabannya

S. aureus menghasilkan koagulase, yang mengubah fibrinogen menjadi fibrin. Semua stafilokokus Gram-positif dan katalase-positif, sehingga uji tersebut tidak membedakannya.

Jawaban

B · Uji koagulase
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: A · Protein virus E6 dan E7 menginaktifkan penekan tumor p53 dan Rb

Mengapa ini jawabannya

E6 mendorong penguraian p53 dan E7 mengikat Rb, sehingga menghilangkan kendali atas pembelahan sel dan perbaikan DNA. Sel yang terinfeksi kemudian dapat mengumpulkan mutasi dan menjadi kanker selama bertahun-tahun.

Jawaban

A · Protein virus E6 dan E7 menginaktifkan penekan tumor p53 dan Rb

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