Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

Which measure is part of the bundle for inserting a central venous catheter to prevent bloodstream infection?

  1. AChlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
  2. BRoutine replacement of the catheter on a fixed schedule, such as every three days
  3. CChoosing the femoral vein as the first site in adults
  4. DGiving antibiotics to every patient before insertion
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

A nurse who is not immune to chickenpox was exposed to a patient with varicella before precautions began. What usually happens?

  1. AThe nurse continues working with all patients as usual, including newborns
  2. BThe nurse is assessed and kept from patient contact during the incubation period per policy
  3. CThe nurse only needs to wear gloves for the next month
  4. DThe nurse must take a two-week course of antibiotics to prevent the infection
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

A patient with expressive aphasia after a stroke understands speech but struggles to find words. Which approach helps most?

  1. AAsk simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
  2. BFinish their sentences quickly for them to save them frustration
  3. CSpeak louder and more slowly than usual
  4. DTalk to the family instead of the patient
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

A patient with COPD and a known risk of hypercapnia is acutely breathless with an SpO₂ of 82%. What is correct?

  1. AWait for an arterial blood gas result before giving any oxygen at all
  2. BGive controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%
  3. CWithhold oxygen completely, because oxygen is dangerous in COPD
  4. DGive the highest oxygen flow possible and aim for 100%
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Dalam siklus lisogenik bakteriofag, apa yang terjadi pada DNA fag?

  1. ADNA itu langsung digunakan untuk membuat fag baru yang memecah sel
  2. BDNA itu dihancurkan oleh bakteri
  3. CDNA itu keluar dari sel melalui pilus
  4. DDNA itu terintegrasi ke dalam kromosom bakteri sebagai profag
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Seorang pasien yang mengonsumsi obat imunosupresan dosis tinggi setelah transplantasi akan divaksinasi. Jenis vaksin mana yang umumnya dihindari?

  1. AVaksin subunit
  2. BVaksin hidup yang dilemahkan
  3. CVaksin toksoid
  4. DVaksin virus utuh yang diinaktivasi

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: A · Chlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions

Mengapa ini jawabannya

The insertion bundle includes hand hygiene, chlorhexidine-alcohol skin prep, maximal barrier precautions (cap, mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves and a full body drape) and avoiding the femoral site in adults. Routine replacement and routine antibiotics are not recommended.

Jawaban

A · Chlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: B · The nurse is assessed and kept from patient contact during the incubation period per policy

Mengapa ini jawabannya

A non-immune worker exposed to varicella may become infectious before the rash appears, so they are usually excluded from patient contact for the incubation period, and post-exposure vaccination or other measures may be offered.

Jawaban

B · The nurse is assessed and kept from patient contact during the incubation period per policy
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: A · Ask simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Short questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture, picture boards and patience let the patient communicate. Hearing is not the problem, so shouting does not help.

Jawaban

A · Ask simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: B · Give controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Oxygen must not be withheld from a hypoxic patient. In those at risk of hypercapnia it is given in a controlled way to a target of 88–92%, with blood gases checked.

Jawaban

B · Give controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: D · DNA itu terintegrasi ke dalam kromosom bakteri sebagai profag

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Dalam lisogeni, genom fag berintegrasi ke kromosom inang dan ikut disalin bersamanya. Kemudian fag dapat beralih ke siklus litik, membuat fag baru dan melisiskan sel.

Jawaban

D · DNA itu terintegrasi ke dalam kromosom bakteri sebagai profag
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: B · Vaksin hidup yang dilemahkan

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Vaksin hidup mengandung organisme yang dilemahkan yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit ketika sistem imun sangat tertekan. Vaksin inaktif, toksoid, dan subunit aman, meskipun responsnya mungkin lebih lemah.

Jawaban

B · Vaksin hidup yang dilemahkan

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