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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
An order reads “Give potassium chloride by IV push.” What should the nurse do?
AGive it slowly by IV push over two minutes while watching the cardiac monitor
BDilute it in a small syringe and push it
CGive half by IV push and the rest later
DNot give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A patient is admitted with suspected pneumonic plague after a possible bioterrorism release. Which precautions are used?
AContact precautions only
BStandard precautions only
CDroplet precautions
DAirborne precautions
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
Why is a patient with a suspected spinal injury moved by log-rolling?
AIt reduces the number of staff needed
BIt keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
CIt lets the patient help with the turn
DIt is the fastest way to turn any patient, whatever their condition
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
The wife of a man with terminal cancer cries often and says she is already grieving for him. What is this called?
AComplicated grief
BDisenfranchised grief
CAnticipatory grief
DDelayed grief
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Apa fungsi PCR di laboratorium diagnostik?
AMewarnai bakteri agar dapat dilihat
BMembuat banyak salinan sekuens DNA tertentu agar dapat dideteksi
CMenumbuhkan bakteri lebih cepat pada cawan agar
DMengukur kadar antibodi tertentu dalam sampel serum pasien
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Sifilis primer biasanya bermanifestasi sebagai:
ARuam luas di telapak tangan dan telapak kaki
BSekelompok lepuh kecil yang nyeri di alat kelamin atau mulut
CUlkus tidak nyeri (chancre) di tempat infeksi
DKerusakan jantung dan otak
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: D · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Potassium chloride given by IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias and arrest. It is only given diluted by controlled infusion, so the nurse does not give it and contacts the prescriber.
Jawaban
D · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: C · Droplet precautions
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Pneumonic plague spreads from person to person by respiratory droplets, so droplet precautions are used until the patient has had effective antibiotics for the period set by policy. Bubonic plague without lung involvement needs standard precautions.
Jawaban
C · Droplet precautions
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: B · It keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Log-rolling turns the body as a single unit while one person controls the head and neck, protecting a possibly unstable spine.
Jawaban
B · It keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: C · Anticipatory grief
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Anticipatory grief happens before an expected death. It is a normal reaction, and nurses can support it by listening and involving the family in care.
Jawaban
C · Anticipatory grief
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: B · Membuat banyak salinan sekuens DNA tertentu agar dapat dideteksi
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Reaksi berantai polimerase memperbanyak sekuens target jutaan kali. PCR dapat mendeteksi patogen yang sulit dibiakkan; virus RNA terlebih dahulu diubah menjadi DNA (RT-PCR).
Jawaban
B · Membuat banyak salinan sekuens DNA tertentu agar dapat dideteksi
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: C · Ulkus tidak nyeri (chancre) di tempat infeksi
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Treponema pallidum menyebabkan chancre tidak nyeri pada tahap primer. Tahap sekunder membawa ruam dan gejala sistemik, dan sifilis tersier dapat merusak jantung dan sistem saraf. Lepuh yang nyeri mengarah ke herpes.