Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

Which room lighting is safest at night for a patient at high risk of falls?

  1. AA low night light that lights the path to the bathroom
  2. BOnly the light from the television screen
  3. CBright overhead lights left on all night in the room
  4. DComplete darkness so the patient sleeps more deeply
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

In a US hospital (CMS rules), a patient keeps pulling at an endotracheal tube, and alternatives have failed. The nurse applies wrist restraints in an emergency. What must happen next?

  1. AObtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
  2. BAsk the provider for a PRN restraint order to use as needed
  3. CKeep the restraints on without an order until the patient is calm
  4. DAsk the family to sign a consent form instead of an order
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

Why are older adults at higher risk of dehydration?

  1. AThey lose less water through the skin
  2. BTheir kidneys hold on to more water
  3. CTheir sense of thirst is often reduced
  4. DThey usually drink more than younger adults
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

A patient says they have no pain, but grimaces and holds their side whenever they move. What should the nurse do?

  1. AExplore the difference gently and assess the pain further
  2. BTell the patient they are not being honest
  3. CRecord "no pain" and take no further action
  4. DGive the strongest analgesic available straight away
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Dalam siklus lisogenik bakteriofag, apa yang terjadi pada DNA fag?

  1. ADNA itu langsung digunakan untuk membuat fag baru yang memecah sel
  2. BDNA itu dihancurkan oleh bakteri
  3. CDNA itu keluar dari sel melalui pilus
  4. DDNA itu terintegrasi ke dalam kromosom bakteri sebagai profag
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Ditemukan kokus Gram-positif. Uji manakah yang dengan cepat membedakan stafilokokus dari streptokokus?

  1. AUji katalase
  2. BPertumbuhan pada agar MacConkey
  3. CUji koagulase
  4. DPewarnaan tahan asam

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: A · A low night light that lights the path to the bathroom

Mengapa ini jawabannya

A night light lets the patient see obstacles and the way to the bathroom without disturbing sleep. Many falls happen in the dark on the way to the toilet.

Jawaban

A · A low night light that lights the path to the bathroom
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: A · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Under US CMS rules, a nurse may apply a restraint first in an emergency, but an order from a licensed provider must be obtained promptly according to policy. PRN restraint orders are not allowed, and family consent does not replace an order. Other countries use different legal frameworks, but restraint is always a last resort that must be authorized, reviewed and documented.

Jawaban

A · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: C · Their sense of thirst is often reduced

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Ageing blunts thirst and reduces body water and the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine. Older patients often need to be offered and helped with drinks.

Jawaban

C · Their sense of thirst is often reduced
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: A · Explore the difference gently and assess the pain further

Mengapa ini jawabannya

When cues conflict, the nurse looks further. Patients may play pain down for many reasons, such as not wanting to bother staff or fearing side effects.

Jawaban

A · Explore the difference gently and assess the pain further
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: D · DNA itu terintegrasi ke dalam kromosom bakteri sebagai profag

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Dalam lisogeni, genom fag berintegrasi ke kromosom inang dan ikut disalin bersamanya. Kemudian fag dapat beralih ke siklus litik, membuat fag baru dan melisiskan sel.

Jawaban

D · DNA itu terintegrasi ke dalam kromosom bakteri sebagai profag
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: A · Uji katalase

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Stafilokokus menghasilkan katalase, yang memecah hidrogen peroksida menjadi air dan gelembung oksigen; streptokokus tidak. Uji koagulase kemudian digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi S. aureus di antara stafilokokus.

Jawaban

A · Uji katalase

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