Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

Why should a child’s weight be recorded only in kilograms?

  1. AKilograms are easier for parents to remember
  2. BChildren weigh less, so smaller units are needed
  3. CScales that show kilograms are always more accurate than those that show pounds
  4. DMixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

A nurse caring for a patient with influenza on droplet precautions will assist with an aerosol-generating procedure, such as bronchoscopy. What change in PPE is needed?

  1. AWear gloves only, because the procedure is short
  2. BWear two surgical masks, one on top of the other, for the length of the procedure
  3. CNo change, because influenza only needs droplet precautions
  4. DWear a fit-tested respirator (N95 or FFP3) and eye protection instead of a surgical mask
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

When washing a patient's eyes, how should each eye be wiped?

  1. AOnly the eye that looks dirty needs cleaning
  2. BIn small circles over the closed eyelid of both eyes
  3. CFrom the inner corner outwards, using a clean part of the cloth for each eye
  4. DFrom the outer corner inwards, using the same part of the cloth for both
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales), a patient with capacity makes a decision staff think is unwise. What follows?

  1. AStaff may override any decision they think is unwise
  2. BAn unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
  3. CThe family must be asked to make the decision instead
  4. DAn unwise decision on its own proves that the person lacks capacity
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Vaksin mana yang mengandung virus hidup yang dilemahkan (atenuasi)?

  1. AVaksin hepatitis B
  2. BMMR (campak, gondongan, rubela)
  3. CVaksin tetanus
  4. DSuntikan influenza inaktif
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Mengapa seseorang bisa terkena influenza berkali-kali, tetapi campak biasanya hanya sekali?

  1. AVirus campak tidak memiliki antigen permukaan
  2. BCampak disebabkan bakteri
  3. CVirus influenza sering mengubah antigen permukaannya
  4. DInfluenza menyerang dan menghancurkan sel memori yang terbentuk setelah infeksi

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · Mixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Pediatric doses are often calculated per kilogram. A weight recorded in pounds but read as kilograms gives a dose more than twice as high, so weight is recorded and used only in kilograms.

Jawaban

D · Mixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · Wear a fit-tested respirator (N95 or FFP3) and eye protection instead of a surgical mask

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Aerosol-generating procedures can spread influenza in small particles that a surgical mask does not filter well. Staff wear a fit-tested respirator (N95 in the US, FFP3 in the UK), eye protection, gown and gloves, and the number of people in the room is kept low.

Jawaban

D · Wear a fit-tested respirator (N95 or FFP3) and eye protection instead of a surgical mask
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: C · From the inner corner outwards, using a clean part of the cloth for each eye

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Wiping from the inner to the outer canthus moves debris away from the tear duct. Using a clean part of the cloth for each eye prevents spreading infection between them.

Jawaban

C · From the inner corner outwards, using a clean part of the cloth for each eye
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: B · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity

Mengapa ini jawabannya

One of the Act's principles is that a person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision. Staff can explain risks, but the decision is the patient's.

Jawaban

B · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: B · MMR (campak, gondongan, rubela)

Mengapa ini jawabannya

MMR mengandung virus hidup yang dilemahkan yang bereplikasi sedikit dan memberikan kekebalan yang kuat dan bertahan lama. Tetanus adalah toksoid dan hepatitis B vaksin subunit.

Jawaban

B · MMR (campak, gondongan, rubela)
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: C · Virus influenza sering mengubah antigen permukaannya

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Hemaglutinin dan neuraminidase influenza berubah melalui drift (mutasi kecil) dan shift (penataan ulang), sehingga antibodi lama mungkin tidak mengenali galur baru. Virus campak stabil secara antigenik.

Jawaban

C · Virus influenza sering mengubah antigen permukaannya

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