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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
A child has swallowed a button battery. Why is this urgent?
AIt can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
BThe only risk is poisoning from heavy metals years later
CIt is only harmful if several batteries are swallowed
DIt always passes through the gut without harm
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A nurse has worked three long shifts in a row and feels exhausted. The manager asks the nurse to stay for another shift. What is the most appropriate response?
AAgree, but skip the independent medication checks to save energy on the shift
BExplain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift
CAgree and drink extra coffee to stay alert
DAgree without telling anyone about the fatigue
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
How can nurses help patients sleep better on a hospital ward at night?
ADo routine tasks such as bed changes at midnight while it is quiet
BGroup care and observations so patients are disturbed less often
CKeep the main lights on so staff can see clearly
DGive every patient a sleeping tablet
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
A patient with a slow-healing leg ulcer is eating less than half of their meals. What is the most helpful nursing action?
ARefer to the dietitian and support protein and energy intake
BAsk the patient to drink less to avoid swelling
CGive extra salt to stimulate the appetite
DWait until the ulcer heals before addressing nutrition
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Bagaimana orang biasanya terinfeksi Legionella pneumophila?
AMelalui penularan antarorang lewat ciuman
BDengan digigit caplak yang terinfeksi
CDengan memakan ayam yang kurang matang atau produk susu yang tidak dipasteurisasi
DDengan menghirup aerosol dari sistem air yang tercemar
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Tes darah seorang tenaga kesehatan positif untuk anti-HBs (antibodi permukaan hepatitis B) dan negatif untuk HBsAg dan anti-HBc. Apa arti paling mungkin dari hasil ini?
AInfeksi alami di masa lalu yang telah sembuh
BInfeksi hepatitis B kronis
CInfeksi hepatitis B akut saat ini
DKekebalan dari vaksinasi hepatitis B
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: A · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
Mengapa ini jawabannya
A button battery lodged in the esophagus can cause severe chemical burns within a few hours, so the child needs emergency assessment and often removal. It should never be treated as harmless.
Jawaban
A · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: B · Explain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Long hours and fatigue increase errors and injuries. Nurses have a professional responsibility to judge whether they are fit to work safely and to say so clearly.
Jawaban
B · Explain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: B · Group care and observations so patients are disturbed less often
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Clustering care, dimming lights, reducing noise and offering eye masks or earplugs improve sleep. Sedatives carry risks and are not routine.
Jawaban
B · Group care and observations so patients are disturbed less often
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: A · Refer to the dietitian and support protein and energy intake
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Poor intake delays healing. Screening, dietitian referral, food charts and support with meals, including protein and energy supplements if needed, help the wound heal.
Jawaban
A · Refer to the dietitian and support protein and energy intake
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: D · Dengan menghirup aerosol dari sistem air yang tercemar
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Legionella tumbuh di sistem air hangat. Orang menghirup aerosol yang tercemar dan dapat mengalami penyakit Legiuner (Legionnaires' disease), suatu pneumonia berat. Penyakit ini biasanya tidak menular antarorang.
Jawaban
D · Dengan menghirup aerosol dari sistem air yang tercemar
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: D · Kekebalan dari vaksinasi hepatitis B
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Vaksin mengandung HBsAg, sehingga orang yang divaksinasi membentuk anti-HBs tetapi tidak anti-HBc. Infeksi alami di masa lalu menghasilkan anti-HBs dan anti-HBc, dan infeksi yang sedang berlangsung menunjukkan HBsAg.