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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
A patient on oxygen is being taken to another department by wheelchair. What should the nurse check first?
AThat the oxygen is turned off during the transfer to save the supply in the tank
BThat the portable cylinder has enough oxygen for the whole trip
CThat the cylinder is placed on the patient’s lap
DThat the cylinder is the largest size available
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A patient sitting in a chair starts to have a generalized seizure. What should the nurse do?
ALeave to get the provider, then return
BEase the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
CPut a padded tongue blade between the teeth to protect the tongue and airway
DHold the patient firmly in the chair until the seizure stops
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
A patient arrives back on the ward after surgery. What does the nurse assess first?
AFluid balance chart
BPain score
CAirway and breathing
DThe wound dressing
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
A dehydrated patient is receiving IV fluids. Which finding best shows the treatment is working?
AThe urine becomes darker and more concentrated
BThe patient feels more thirsty than before the fluids started
CThe heart rate rises and the skin becomes cooler
DUrine output rises and the heart rate falls towards normal
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Organisme apa yang menyebabkan tuberkulosis, dan apa yang membuatnya sulit diwarnai dengan metode Gram?
ALegionella pneumophila, yang hidup di dalam amuba
BMycobacterium tuberculosis, yang memiliki dinding berlilin kaya asam mikolat
CStreptococcus pneumoniae, yang memiliki kapsul
DMycoplasma pneumoniae, yang tidak memiliki dinding sel untuk menyerap pewarna
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Mekanisme resistansi antibiotik apa yang digunakan bakteri ketika memompa obat keluar dari sel?
AInaktivasi enzimatis
BModifikasi target
CPompa efluks
DHanya penurunan masuknya obat melalui porin
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: B · That the portable cylinder has enough oxygen for the whole trip
Mengapa ini jawabannya
The nurse checks the cylinder gauge and makes sure there is enough oxygen for the trip and possible delays. The cylinder is secured in a holder on the chair, not on the patient’s lap.
Jawaban
B · That the portable cylinder has enough oxygen for the whole trip
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: B · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
Mengapa ini jawabannya
The nurse guides the patient gently to the floor, cushions the head, moves objects away and turns the patient on their side to protect the airway. The nurse stays, times the seizure and calls for help.
Jawaban
B · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: C · Airway and breathing
Mengapa ini jawabannya
After anaesthesia the airway and breathing are checked first, then circulation, consciousness, pain, the wound, drains and fluids.
Jawaban
C · Airway and breathing
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: D · Urine output rises and the heart rate falls towards normal
Mengapa ini jawabannya
With effective fluid replacement, perfusion improves: urine output increases, the heart rate settles and the blood pressure stabilises. Watching for fluid overload is also important.
Jawaban
D · Urine output rises and the heart rate falls towards normal
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: B · Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yang memiliki dinding berlilin kaya asam mikolat
Mengapa ini jawabannya
M. tuberculosis memiliki dinding sel kaya asam mikolat, sehingga tahan terhadap pewarnaan Gram dan diidentifikasi dengan pewarnaan tahan asam.
Jawaban
B · Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yang memiliki dinding berlilin kaya asam mikolat
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: C · Pompa efluks
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Pompa efluks secara aktif mengeluarkan antibiotik seperti tetrasiklin dan fluorokuinolon, sehingga kadar di dalam sel terlalu rendah untuk bekerja.