Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

Soal baruKembali ke mata kuliah

Di jendela cetak, pilih “Simpan sebagai PDF” untuk menyimpan salinan di perangkat Anda.

1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

Why is “QD” (once daily) on The Joint Commission’s “Do Not Use” list?

  1. AIt means “every day at bedtime” in some hospitals
  2. BIt is a Latin abbreviation, and only plain English abbreviations may be used
  3. CIt is only allowed for intravenous medicines
  4. DIt can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

A patient with a common cold asks for antibiotics “to be on the safe side”. Which response is best?

  1. AAsk the provider to prescribe antibiotics anyway so that the patient is reassured
  2. BTell the patient that antibiotics will shorten the cold by several days
  3. CExplain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria
  4. DSuggest using leftover antibiotics from a previous illness
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

How should dentures be cleaned to avoid breaking them?

  1. AWith an abrasive cleaning powder to remove stains
  2. BBy soaking them in very hot water to sterilise them
  3. COver an empty, hard sink so they can be seen clearly
  4. DOver a sink lined with a towel or partly filled with water
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

A patient's potassium result is 6,8 mmol/L (6,8 mEq/L). Why is this urgent?

  1. AIt means the patient urgently needs more potassium
  2. BHigh potassium causes only mild muscle cramps that settle without treatment
  3. CVery high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
  4. DIt is normal for patients after surgery
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Bagaimana orang biasanya terinfeksi Legionella pneumophila?

  1. ADengan memakan ayam yang kurang matang atau produk susu yang tidak dipasteurisasi
  2. BMelalui penularan antarorang lewat ciuman
  3. CDengan digigit caplak yang terinfeksi
  4. DDengan menghirup aerosol dari sistem air yang tercemar
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Virus hepatitis mana yang terutama menular melalui makanan dan air yang tercemar?

  1. AHepatitis A dan E
  2. BHepatitis B dan C
  3. CHepatitis B dan D
  4. DHepatitis C dan E

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · It can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely

Mengapa ini jawabannya

“QD” and “QOD” can be confused with each other and with “QID”, leading to serious dosing errors. The word “daily” or “every other day” is written in full instead.

Jawaban

D · It can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: C · Explain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Colds are caused by viruses, which antibiotics do not kill. Unneeded antibiotics cause side effects and drive resistance, so the nurse explains this and offers advice on managing symptoms.

Jawaban

C · Explain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: D · Over a sink lined with a towel or partly filled with water

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Cleaning over a padded or water-filled sink cushions a fall. Hot water can warp dentures, and abrasives scratch them; they are stored in a labelled denture pot.

Jawaban

D · Over a sink lined with a towel or partly filled with water
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: C · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Severe hyperkalaemia can cause cardiac arrest. The result is escalated at once; an ECG and treatment follow, and a repeat sample checks whether the result was falsely raised.

Jawaban

C · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: D · Dengan menghirup aerosol dari sistem air yang tercemar

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Legionella tumbuh di sistem air hangat. Orang menghirup aerosol yang tercemar dan dapat mengalami penyakit Legiuner (Legionnaires' disease), suatu pneumonia berat. Penyakit ini biasanya tidak menular antarorang.

Jawaban

D · Dengan menghirup aerosol dari sistem air yang tercemar
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: A · Hepatitis A dan E

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Hepatitis A dan E menular melalui jalur fekal-oral. B, C, dan D menular melalui darah dan cairan tubuh dan dapat menyebabkan infeksi kronis.

Jawaban

A · Hepatitis A dan E

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety