Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

A patient with a severe latex allergy is booked for surgery. Which measure is commonly used?

  1. AUse latex gloves only for short procedures
  2. BWrap latex items in plastic before use
  3. CGive the patient antihistamines before surgery and then use the normal supplies
  4. DUse latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

Over a few hours, the emergency department sees many previously healthy people with the same unusual severe symptoms. What should the nurse do?

  1. ASend the patients home quickly to avoid crowding the emergency department
  2. BTreat each patient and wait to see if more arrive next week
  3. CReport it to infection prevention and public health authorities promptly
  4. DTell only the patients’ families about the pattern
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

What does the Visual Infusion Phlebitis (VIP) score assess?

  1. AThe cannula site for signs of phlebitis
  2. BThe speed of an infusion pump
  3. CThe risk of an allergic reaction to IV drugs
  4. DThe patient's eyesight before surgery
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

On the day after surgery, a patient's new stoma has turned dark purple. What should the nurse do?

  1. AClean it firmly to remove the colour
  2. BWait a week to see whether it changes
  3. CReport it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
  4. DRecord it as normal bruising after surgery and recheck tomorrow
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Organisme apa yang menyebabkan demam tifoid?

  1. AVibrio cholerae
  2. BCampylobacter jejuni
  3. CSalmonella Typhi
  4. DShigella dysenteriae
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Seorang dewasa muda dengan nyeri tenggorokan, demam, dan pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening diberi amoksisilin lalu mengalami ruam luas. Infeksi mana yang paling mungkin?

  1. ATonsilitis streptokokus
  2. BMononukleosis infeksiosa yang disebabkan virus Epstein–Barr
  3. CCacar air
  4. DCampak

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: D · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Latex proteins can become airborne on glove powder and settle in the room. Using a latex-safe room and supplies and scheduling the patient first, when airborne latex is lowest, reduce the risk.

Jawaban

D · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: C · Report it to infection prevention and public health authorities promptly

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Clusters of similar unusual illness can signal an outbreak or bioterrorism. Early reporting allows public health to investigate, guide precautions and treatment, and protect the community.

Jawaban

C · Report it to infection prevention and public health authorities promptly
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: A · The cannula site for signs of phlebitis

Mengapa ini jawabannya

The VIP score grades pain, redness, swelling and hardening along the vein. A rising score tells the nurse when the cannula must be removed.

Jawaban

A · The cannula site for signs of phlebitis
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: C · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply

Mengapa ini jawabannya

A dusky, purple or black stoma suggests ischaemia or necrosis, which can need surgery. The nurse reports it to the surgical team at once.

Jawaban

C · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: C · Salmonella Typhi

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Salmonella enterica serotipe Typhi menyebabkan demam tifoid, penyakit sistemik dengan demam berkepanjangan. Sebagian orang menjadi pembawa kronis, sering di kantong empedu.

Jawaban

C · Salmonella Typhi
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: B · Mononukleosis infeksiosa yang disebabkan virus Epstein–Barr

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Demam kelenjar (glandular fever) disebabkan EBV. Banyak pasien yang diberi amoksisilin selama sakit mengalami ruam. Antibiotik tidak membantu karena penyebabnya virus.

Jawaban

B · Mononukleosis infeksiosa yang disebabkan virus Epstein–Barr

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