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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
The laboratory calls with a critical lab result by phone. What should the nurse do?
ARemember the value and enter it in the chart at the end of the shift
BWrite it down, read it back to confirm and report it to the provider promptly
CWait for the printed report to arrive before telling the provider about it
DTell the patient the result first and then call the provider
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
During a disaster, the hospital needs to free beds quickly. Which patient is the best candidate for early discharge?
AA patient admitted overnight for observation who is now stable with normal tests
BA patient on a ventilator in the intensive care unit who is slowly improving
CA patient on an IV heparin infusion that is still being adjusted
DA patient with ongoing chest pain awaiting cardiac tests
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
Which medicine commonly causes constipation?
ACodeine
BLactulose
CDocusate
DSenna
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
A patient has been taught breathing exercises before surgery. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll ask for pain relief if pain stops me breathing deeply."
B"I'll hold a pillow over the wound when I cough."
C"I'll avoid coughing so I don't hurt my stitches."
D"I'll take some slow deep breaths every hour."
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Organisme apa yang menyebabkan demam tifoid?
AVibrio cholerae
BCampylobacter jejuni
CShigella dysenteriae
DSalmonella Typhi
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Seorang pasien yang mengonsumsi obat imunosupresan dosis tinggi setelah transplantasi akan divaksinasi. Jenis vaksin mana yang umumnya dihindari?
AVaksin subunit
BVaksin virus utuh yang diinaktivasi
CVaksin toksoid
DVaksin hidup yang dilemahkan
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: B · Write it down, read it back to confirm and report it to the provider promptly
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Writing down and reading back critical results confirms they were heard correctly. The nurse then reports them promptly to the responsible provider and documents who was told and when.
Jawaban
B · Write it down, read it back to confirm and report it to the provider promptly
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: A · A patient admitted overnight for observation who is now stable with normal tests
Mengapa ini jawabannya
In a surge, stable patients who could be safely cared for at home are discharged first. Patients who are unstable or need close monitoring or titrated infusions must stay.
Jawaban
A · A patient admitted overnight for observation who is now stable with normal tests
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: A · Codeine
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Opioids such as codeine and morphine slow gut movement and commonly cause constipation. Senna, lactulose and docusate are laxatives.
Jawaban
A · Codeine
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: C · "I'll avoid coughing so I don't hurt my stitches."
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Avoiding coughing lets secretions collect and raises the risk of chest infection. Splinting the wound, deep breathing and good pain control are correct.
Jawaban
C · "I'll avoid coughing so I don't hurt my stitches."
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: D · Salmonella Typhi
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Salmonella enterica serotipe Typhi menyebabkan demam tifoid, penyakit sistemik dengan demam berkepanjangan. Sebagian orang menjadi pembawa kronis, sering di kantong empedu.
Jawaban
D · Salmonella Typhi
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: D · Vaksin hidup yang dilemahkan
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Vaksin hidup mengandung organisme yang dilemahkan yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit ketika sistem imun sangat tertekan. Vaksin inaktif, toksoid, dan subunit aman, meskipun responsnya mungkin lebih lemah.