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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
A patient has a very low platelet count. Which safety measure is appropriate?
AUse a firm toothbrush and a safety razor
BUse a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
CTake rectal temperatures for accuracy
DFloss hard each day to keep the gums healthy
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A patient on airborne precautions for tuberculosis wants to walk in the hallway. What is the best response?
AAllow it, as long as they walk quickly
BAllow it, if they avoid the nurses’ station
CAllow it, as long as the patient wears an N95 respirator in the corridor
DExplain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
Which patient is at greatest risk of injury from a heat pack?
AA patient with reduced sensation from diabetic neuropathy
BA patient with a sore lower back after gardening
CA young adult with a stiff neck after sleeping in an awkward position
DA patient with period pain
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
According to the gate control theory, why can rubbing a bumped elbow ease the pain?
ARubbing makes the elbow numb by stopping its blood supply
BRubbing removes the damaged tissue from the elbow
CRubbing increases the release of pain chemicals so the nerves tire out
DTouch signals reduce pain signals passing up the spinal cord
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Apa fungsi PCR di laboratorium diagnostik?
AMengukur kadar antibodi tertentu dalam sampel serum pasien
BMewarnai bakteri agar dapat dilihat
CMenumbuhkan bakteri lebih cepat pada cawan agar
DMembuat banyak salinan sekuens DNA tertentu agar dapat dideteksi
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Apa yang ditunjukkan eksperimen labu leher angsa Pasteur?
APerebusan tidak dapat membunuh mikroorganisme
BMikroorganisme berasal dari mikroorganisme lain, bukan dari generasi spontan
CUdara itu sendiri menghasilkan mikroorganisme
DMikroorganisme membutuhkan cahaya untuk tumbuh
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: B · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
Mengapa ini jawabannya
With thrombocytopenia, minor trauma can cause serious bleeding. Bleeding precautions include soft toothbrushes, electric razors, avoiding rectal procedures and IM injections where possible, and preventing falls.
Jawaban
B · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: D · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Patients on airborne precautions stay in the negative-pressure room with the door closed, leaving only for essential tests while wearing a surgical mask. The nurse explains why and helps the patient cope with confinement.
Jawaban
D · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: A · A patient with reduced sensation from diabetic neuropathy
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Patients who cannot feel heat properly, such as those with neuropathy, spinal injury or reduced consciousness, can be burned without noticing. Their skin needs extra checks or heat should be avoided.
Jawaban
A · A patient with reduced sensation from diabetic neuropathy
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: D · Touch signals reduce pain signals passing up the spinal cord
Mengapa ini jawabannya
The gate control theory proposes that input from touch fibres "closes the gate" in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, reducing pain transmission. This underlies massage and TENS.
Jawaban
D · Touch signals reduce pain signals passing up the spinal cord
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: D · Membuat banyak salinan sekuens DNA tertentu agar dapat dideteksi
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Reaksi berantai polimerase memperbanyak sekuens target jutaan kali. PCR dapat mendeteksi patogen yang sulit dibiakkan; virus RNA terlebih dahulu diubah menjadi DNA (RT-PCR).
Jawaban
D · Membuat banyak salinan sekuens DNA tertentu agar dapat dideteksi
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: B · Mikroorganisme berasal dari mikroorganisme lain, bukan dari generasi spontan
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Kaldu yang direbus dalam labu berleher lengkung tetap steril karena debu dan mikroba terperangkap di lengkungan. Ketika leher dipatahkan, mikroba masuk dan tumbuh, sehingga membantah generasi spontan.
Jawaban
B · Mikroorganisme berasal dari mikroorganisme lain, bukan dari generasi spontan