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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
An adult with hepatitis A is incontinent of stool. Which precautions are used?
ADroplet precautions with a surgical mask
BAirborne precautions in a negative-pressure room with the door closed
CA protective environment with filtered air
DContact precautions in addition to standard precautions
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
The laboratory reports that a blood sample labeled with one patient’s name has a blood group different from that patient’s previous result. What is the most likely problem and response?
AA normal change in the patient’s blood group over the years since the last test
BA laboratory machine fault, so no action is needed
CA wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
DThe previous result was wrong, so it is deleted
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
How should a patient walk with a standard (non-wheeled) walking frame?
ALift the frame forward, then step into it
BLean forward on the frame and slide the feet
CPush the frame along the floor while walking quickly
DStep forward first, then pull the frame after
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
Which nursing diagnosis is written in the problem–aetiology–signs (PES) format?
APneumonia related to a bacterial infection in the right lung
BTurn the patient every two hours to protect the skin
CPain related to pain, as shown by the patient saying that it hurts a lot
DImpaired skin integrity related to immobility, as shown by a sacral wound
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Apa itu masa inkubasi?
AWaktu yang dibutuhkan antibiotik untuk bekerja
BWaktu antara infeksi dan gejala pertama
CWaktu yang dibutuhkan biakan di laboratorium
DWaktu ketika pasien tetap menular kepada orang lain
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Sebuah luka yang dalam dan kotor menjadi bengkak dan sangat nyeri, dan gas dapat teraba di bawah kulit. Organisme mana yang paling mungkin?
AClostridium perfringens
BNeisseria gonorrhoeae
CStreptococcus pneumoniae
DBordetella pertussis
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: D · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Hepatitis A spreads through fecal contamination. For a patient who is incontinent or in diapers, contact precautions are added to standard precautions to prevent spread on hands and surfaces.
Jawaban
D · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: C · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
Mengapa ini jawabannya
A different blood group strongly suggests the sample came from another patient. A new sample is taken with careful bedside identification and labeling, and the event is reported as a serious near miss.
Jawaban
C · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: A · Lift the frame forward, then step into it
Mengapa ini jawabannya
The frame is lifted a short step forward with all four feet placed down, then the patient steps into it, usually leading with the weaker leg.
Jawaban
A · Lift the frame forward, then step into it
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: D · Impaired skin integrity related to immobility, as shown by a sacral wound
Mengapa ini jawabannya
A PES statement gives the nursing problem, the related cause and the defining signs. Pneumonia is a medical diagnosis, turning is an intervention, and a cause cannot repeat the problem.
Jawaban
D · Impaired skin integrity related to immobility, as shown by a sacral wound
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: B · Waktu antara infeksi dan gejala pertama
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Masa inkubasi berlangsung dari paparan hingga timbulnya gejala. Terkadang infeksi sudah bisa ditularkan selama masa ini.
Jawaban
B · Waktu antara infeksi dan gejala pertama
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: A · Clostridium perfringens
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Clostridium perfringens menyebabkan gangren gas pada luka yang kekurangan oksigen. Toksinnya menghancurkan otot dan metabolismenya menghasilkan gas yang teraba sebagai krepitasi. Diperlukan pembedahan dan antibiotik segera.