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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
Which technique is used for suctioning a tracheostomy in hospital?
ASterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
BClean technique, reusing the catheter during the shift
CClean technique, with the catheter rinsed in tap water
DNo gloves at all, because the airway already contains bacteria
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A nurse teaches a patient with neutropenia about preventing infection at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will check my temperature and call if I have a fever.”
B“I will wash my hands often and ask visitors to do the same.”
C“I will avoid crowds and people who have colds.”
D“I can clean the cat’s litter box if I wear a face mask.”
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
How should a liquid medicine be measured in a medicine cup?
AFrom above, reading the highest point at the edge of the liquid
BBy filling the cup to the very top
CBy pouring until it looks about right
DAt eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
The intact skin over a patient's heel is deep purple and feels boggy. What should be suspected?
AA category 1 pressure ulcer that will heal by itself
BA fungal skin infection
CA suspected deep tissue injury
DA normal bruise from a minor knock
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Apa faktor virulensi utama Streptococcus pneumoniae, yang juga menjadi target vaksinnya?
AEndosporanya
BKapsul polisakaridanya
CFlagelanya
DToksinnya yang mirip toksin kolera
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Bagaimana HPV tipe risiko tinggi berperan dalam kanker serviks?
AProtein virus E6 dan E7 menginaktifkan penekan tumor p53 dan Rb
BVirus membunuh sel begitu cepat sehingga digantikan sel kanker
CVirus menghasilkan endotoksin yang merusak DNA
DVirus menghancurkan sel T CD4 di serviks
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: A · Sterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
Mengapa ini jawabannya
In hospital, tracheal suctioning uses sterile technique to avoid introducing organisms into the lower airway. Clean technique may be taught for long-term home care, according to policy.
Jawaban
A · Sterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: D · “I can clean the cat’s litter box if I wear a face mask.”
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Immunocompromised patients should avoid cleaning litter boxes and other animal waste, because of organisms such as Toxoplasma. Another person should do it. The other statements are correct.
Jawaban
D · “I can clean the cat’s litter box if I wear a face mask.”
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: D · At eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface
Mengapa ini jawabannya
The cup is placed on a flat surface and read at eye level at the bottom of the meniscus. An oral syringe is more accurate for small volumes.
Jawaban
D · At eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: C · A suspected deep tissue injury
Mengapa ini jawabannya
A purple or maroon area of intact skin, often firm or boggy, suggests deep tissue injury from pressure and shear. It can quickly become a deep open ulcer, so pressure must be removed at once.
Jawaban
C · A suspected deep tissue injury
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: B · Kapsul polisakaridanya
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Kapsul melindungi S. pneumoniae dari fagositosis. Ada banyak tipe kapsul, dan vaksin pneumokokus mengandung polisakarida kapsul dari tipe-tipe yang paling umum.
Jawaban
B · Kapsul polisakaridanya
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: A · Protein virus E6 dan E7 menginaktifkan penekan tumor p53 dan Rb
Mengapa ini jawabannya
E6 mendorong penguraian p53 dan E7 mengikat Rb, sehingga menghilangkan kendali atas pembelahan sel dan perbaikan DNA. Sel yang terinfeksi kemudian dapat mengumpulkan mutasi dan menjadi kanker selama bertahun-tahun.
Jawaban
A · Protein virus E6 dan E7 menginaktifkan penekan tumor p53 dan Rb