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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
A patient is on seizure precautions. Which equipment should be ready at the bedside?
AA tongue blade to put between the teeth
BRestraints ready for all four limbs
CAn ice pack to place on the forehead
DWorking suction and oxygen equipment
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A patient weighs 180 kg and needs to be moved from bed to chair. The standard ceiling lift on the unit has a lower weight limit. What should the nurse do?
AAsk the patient to stand and pivot without help
BUse bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
CUse the standard lift, because limits include a safety margin
DHave two staff lift the patient by hand
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
When opening a sterile pack on a table, which flap is opened first?
AAny flap, as long as you wear sterile gloves
BThe flap furthest away from you
CThe flap nearest to you
DThe flap on your dominant side
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
During medicines reconciliation, the patient says they take an anticoagulant at home, but it has not been prescribed in hospital. What should the nurse do?
AInform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
BGive the patient's own supply without telling anyone
CTell the patient to stop it for good
DIgnore it, as the hospital doctor knows best
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Apa itu masa inkubasi?
AWaktu yang dibutuhkan biakan di laboratorium
BWaktu yang dibutuhkan antibiotik untuk bekerja
CWaktu ketika pasien tetap menular kepada orang lain
DWaktu antara infeksi dan gejala pertama
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Toksin bakteri apa yang menyebabkan kejang otot pada tetanus?
AToksin kolera, yang mengaktifkan adenilat siklase
BToksin botulinum, yang menghambat pelepasan asetilkolin di sambungan neuromuskular
CTetanospasmin, yang menghambat pelepasan neurotransmiter penghambat
DEndotoksin dari membran luar
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: D · Working suction and oxygen equipment
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Suction and oxygen are kept ready to manage secretions and support breathing during or after a seizure. Nothing is put in the mouth, and restraints are not used because they can cause injury.
Jawaban
D · Working suction and oxygen equipment
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: B · Use bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Using equipment above its rated capacity can cause collapse and injury. Bariatric lifts, chairs and beds are used, with enough trained staff and a plan agreed in advance.
Jawaban
B · Use bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: B · The flap furthest away from you
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Opening the far flap first means the nurse never reaches across the exposed sterile contents. The side flaps follow, and the nearest flap is opened last.
Jawaban
B · The flap furthest away from you
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: A · Inform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Unexplained differences between home and hospital medicines are reported to the prescriber. Missed anticoagulants can cause clots, and some omissions are deliberate, for example before surgery.
Jawaban
A · Inform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: D · Waktu antara infeksi dan gejala pertama
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Masa inkubasi berlangsung dari paparan hingga timbulnya gejala. Terkadang infeksi sudah bisa ditularkan selama masa ini.
Jawaban
D · Waktu antara infeksi dan gejala pertama
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: C · Tetanospasmin, yang menghambat pelepasan neurotransmiter penghambat
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Tetanospasmin dari Clostridium tetani menghambat pelepasan GABA dan glisin dari interneuron penghambat, sehingga terjadi kelumpuhan spastik. Sebaliknya, toksin botulinum menyebabkan kelumpuhan lemas.
Jawaban
C · Tetanospasmin, yang menghambat pelepasan neurotransmiter penghambat