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1Rumus dan metode
Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Metode
Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.
2Soal latihan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang
Which room lighting is safest at night for a patient at high risk of falls?
AA low night light that lights the path to the bathroom
BOnly the light from the television screen
CBright overhead lights left on all night in the room
DComplete darkness so the patient sleeps more deeply
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit
A patient dies after a wrong-drug error, and the hospital carries out a root cause analysis. What is its main focus?
ADeciding whether to tell the family about the error
BIdentifying which staff member made the error and should be disciplined
CFinding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
DEstimating the legal costs for the hospital
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang
On the first step of the WHO analgesic ladder, which drugs are used?
AGeneral anaesthetic drugs given in low doses
BStrong opioids such as morphine
CNon-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
DWeak opioids only, such as codeine
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit
A patient has a temperature of 38,7 °C and a white cell count of 18 × 10⁹/L (18,000/mm³). What do these findings most suggest?
ADehydration only
BAn infection or significant inflammation
CA normal post-meal result
DA low risk of infection because the count is high
5.MikrobiologiSedang
Apa itu masa inkubasi?
AWaktu yang dibutuhkan antibiotik untuk bekerja
BWaktu ketika pasien tetap menular kepada orang lain
CWaktu antara infeksi dan gejala pertama
DWaktu yang dibutuhkan biakan di laboratorium
6.MikrobiologiSulit
Seorang dewasa muda dengan nyeri tenggorokan, demam, dan pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening diberi amoksisilin lalu mengalami ruam luas. Infeksi mana yang paling mungkin?
ACacar air
BCampak
CTonsilitis streptokokus
DMononukleosis infeksiosa yang disebabkan virus Epstein–Barr
3Larutan
1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: A · A low night light that lights the path to the bathroom
Mengapa ini jawabannya
A night light lets the patient see obstacles and the way to the bathroom without disturbing sleep. Many falls happen in the dark on the way to the toilet.
Jawaban
A · A low night light that lights the path to the bathroom
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien
Jawaban: C · Finding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
Mengapa ini jawabannya
A root cause analysis looks beyond the individual to the system factors, such as storage, labeling, staffing or workflow, that allowed the error. The aim is to change the system so the error cannot happen again.
Jawaban
C · Finding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: C · Non-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
Mengapa ini jawabannya
The WHO ladder starts with non-opioids, adds a weak opioid for moderate pain and a strong opioid for severe pain, with adjuvants at any step. It is still widely taught, although current WHO guidance stresses individual assessment over a strict step-by-step approach.
Jawaban
C · Non-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan
Jawaban: B · An infection or significant inflammation
Mengapa ini jawabannya
A raised white cell count with fever usually means the body is fighting an infection or major inflammation. The nurse reports it and looks for the source, including sepsis.
Jawaban
B · An infection or significant inflammation
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: C · Waktu antara infeksi dan gejala pertama
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Masa inkubasi berlangsung dari paparan hingga timbulnya gejala. Terkadang infeksi sudah bisa ditularkan selama masa ini.
Jawaban
C · Waktu antara infeksi dan gejala pertama
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawaban: D · Mononukleosis infeksiosa yang disebabkan virus Epstein–Barr
Mengapa ini jawabannya
Demam kelenjar (glandular fever) disebabkan EBV. Banyak pasien yang diberi amoksisilin selama sakit mengalami ruam. Antibiotik tidak membantu karena penyebabnya virus.
Jawaban
D · Mononukleosis infeksiosa yang disebabkan virus Epstein–Barr