Pengendalian Infeksi dan Keselamatan Pasien: paket kilat

Lembar rumus, langkah-langkah metode utama untuk setiap topik, dan 6 soal latihan, dengan pembahasan lengkap di bagian belakang.

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1Rumus dan metode

Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Metode

  1. Mulailah dengan kewaspadaan standar untuk setiap pasien: kebersihan tangan, APD sesuai pajanan yang diperkirakan, benda tajam yang aman.
  2. Tambahkan kewaspadaan menurut jalur: kontak (gaun, sarung tangan), droplet (masker bedah), udara (N95, ruang bertekanan negatif).
  3. Jaga barang steril tetap steril: bila ragu, anggap tidak steril; ganti, jangan pernah dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya di lingkungan: tindakan pencegahan jatuh, restrain hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Periksa prinsip benar dalam pemberian obat, dua identitas, dan pengaman tambahan untuk obat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesalahan dan nyaris cedera.

2Soal latihan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSedang

A cup of water is spilled over an infusion pump plugged into the wall. What should the nurse do?

  1. ALeave it running and place a towel over it until it dries
  2. BSwitch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
  3. CTurn the pump upside down to drain it while running
  4. DWipe it dry quickly with a towel and keep using it for the infusion
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasienSulit

A competent patient at high risk of falls insists on walking to the bathroom alone. What is the best nursing approach?

  1. ARemove the patient’s shoes and walking aid so that they cannot walk alone
  2. BApply wrist restraints so the patient stays in bed
  3. CExplain the risks, agree on ways to reduce them, respect the decision and document
  4. DTell the patient that walking alone is against hospital law
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSedang

A patient cannot stand to be measured for the MUST screening tool. How can their height be estimated?

  1. AFrom the size of the patient's shoes
  2. BFrom the length of the forearm (ulna)
  3. CBy asking a visitor to guess
  4. DFrom the length of the bed
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatanSulit

Which simple measure helps reduce the risk of delirium in an older inpatient?

  1. AMaking sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
  2. BMoving them to a different bed every night to vary their surroundings
  3. CLimiting visits from family members
  4. DKeeping the lights on all night
5.MikrobiologiSedang

Uji laboratorium mana yang membedakan Staphylococcus aureus dari sebagian besar stafilokokus lain?

  1. APewarnaan Gram
  2. BUji katalase
  3. CUji koagulase
  4. DPewarnaan tahan asam
6.MikrobiologiSulit

Mengapa tes antibodi HIV dapat negatif pada minggu-minggu pertama setelah infeksi?

  1. ATubuh belum menghasilkan cukup antibodi untuk dapat dideteksi
  2. BHIV sama sekali tidak memicu pembentukan antibodi
  3. CVirus awalnya hanya bersembunyi di sel darah merah selama beberapa minggu pertama
  4. DAntibodi dihancurkan oleh reagen tes

3Larutan

1.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: B · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Liquid on electrical equipment can cause shock or failure. The device is turned off and unplugged without touching wet parts, the patient’s infusion is managed with another device, and the pump is checked by the biomedical team.

Jawaban

B · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
2.Pengendalian infeksi & keselamatan pasien

Jawaban: C · Explain the risks, agree on ways to reduce them, respect the decision and document

Mengapa ini jawabannya

A competent patient can accept a risk. The nurse explains the danger, offers measures such as a low bed, non-slip footwear, a clear path and a call light, respects the choice and documents the discussion.

Jawaban

C · Explain the risks, agree on ways to reduce them, respect the decision and document
3.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: B · From the length of the forearm (ulna)

Mengapa ini jawabannya

MUST includes tables that estimate height from ulna length when the patient cannot stand. Self-reported height can also be used if it is reliable.

Jawaban

B · From the length of the forearm (ulna)
4.Dasar-dasar keperawatan

Jawaban: A · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Sensory aids, orientation, good sleep, hydration, mobility and family involvement all help prevent delirium. Frequent moves and poor sleep make it more likely.

Jawaban

A · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: C · Uji koagulase

Mengapa ini jawabannya

S. aureus menghasilkan koagulase, yang mengubah fibrinogen menjadi fibrin. Semua stafilokokus Gram-positif dan katalase-positif, sehingga uji tersebut tidak membedakannya.

Jawaban

C · Uji koagulase
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawaban: A · Tubuh belum menghasilkan cukup antibodi untuk dapat dideteksi

Mengapa ini jawabannya

Antibodi memerlukan beberapa minggu untuk muncul. Tes kombinasi yang juga mendeteksi antigen p24, atau tes RNA virus, memperpendek periode jendela ini.

Jawaban

A · Tubuh belum menghasilkan cukup antibodi untuk dapat dideteksi

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